The History of HTML
A markup language combines text as well as coded instructions on how to format that text and the term «markup» originates from the traditional practice of ‘marking up’ the margins of a paper manuscript with printer’s instructions. Nowadays, however, if you mention the term ‘markup’ to any knowledgeable web author, the first thing they are likely to think of is ‘HTML’.
So from whence came the stuff that web pages are made of.
In the Beginning
HTML —which is short for HyperText Markup Language— is the official language of the World Wide Web and was first conceived in 1990. HTML is a product of SGML (Standard Generalized Markup Language) which is a complex, technical specification describing markup languages, especially those used in electronic document exchange, document management, and document publishing. HTML was originally created to allow those who were not specialized in SGML to publish and exchange scientific and other technical documents. HTML especially facilitated this exchange by incorporating the ability to link documents electronically using hyperlinks. Thus the name Hypertext Markup Language.
However, it was quickly realized by those outside of the discipline of scientific documentation that HTML was relatively easy to learn, was self contained and lent itself to a number of other applications. With the evolution of the World Wide Web, HTML began to proliferate and quickly spilled over into the mainstream.
Browser Wars
Soon, companies began creating browsers —the software required to view an HTML document, i.e., a web page— and as they gained popularity it gave rise to competition and other web browsers. It may surprise some that back in late 1995, Netscape —which now plays a distant second to the King Kong of browsers, Internet Explorer— was the dominant browser on the market. In fact, Netscape was the first browser to support Javascript, animated gifs and HTML frames.
Thus began the so-called ‘browser wars’ and, along with seeing who could implement more ‘bells and whistles’ than the other guy, browser makers also began inventing proprietary HTML elements that only worked with their browsers. Some examples of these are the tags (scrolling text) which originally only worked with Internet Explorer and the tags (blinking text) which still only works with Gecko-based browsers such as Firefox.
A side effect of all this competition was that HTML became fragmented and web authors soon found that their web pages looked fine in one browser but not in another. Hence it became increasingly difficult and time consuming to create a web page that would display uniformly across a number of different browsers. (This phenomenon remains to some extent to this very day.)
Meanwhile, an organization known as the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C for short) was working steadily along in the background to standardize HTML. Several recommendations were published by the W3C during the late 1990s which represented the official versions of HTML and provided an ongoing comprehensive reference for web authors. Thus the birth of HTML 2.0 in September 1995, HTML 3.2 in January 1997 and HTML 4.01 in December 1999.
By now, Internet Explorer (IE) had eclipsed Netscape Navigator as the browser to use while surfing the net due to its superior capabilities but also largely due to the fact that the IE came bundled with the Windows operating system. Essentially when people bought computers using the Windows OS, it had the ‘internet installed on it’. This tended to suit people just fine since the typical newcomer to computers was someone who was tentatively striking forth to take on this intimidating new-fangled technology that was crammed to the rafters with indecipherable acronyms, software help files that made no sense and buggy programs. Hence, the more ‘instant’ solutions this new technology offered, the better it was.
Bad Grammar
As the World Wide Web approached adulthood hosting a wide variety of would-be and professional web page authors, it became increasingly apparent that cyberspace was filling up with a lot of badly written HTML.
This was due to some laziness and inexperience but was also the product of another instant solution involving web authoring tools, most particularly WYSIWYG editors, which tended to produce bloated and messy source code. As the browser wars continued —although by now it was pretty much of a massacre— the lead browser had developed capabilities akin to a junkyard dog which could gobble up any half-baked web page that it came across. This was all very fine and well but the resources (program source code, RAM on the user’s computer, etcetera) required to run a browser that can consume just about anything was exhorbitant compared to what could be. And as the market dictated the shape of things to come, future browsers were bound follow the lead dog thus encouraging more junk code to fill up the web.
To remedy this situation, the W3C came up with a more regimental form of HTML with the intention to create a rigid standard to which web authors were encouraged to conform. This was supporting an effort to eventually ‘clean up’ or streamline the World Wide Web and ultimately replace presentational elements such as font with another documentational structure known as Cascading Style Sheets (CSS). In theory, once this transformation occurred, the web would place less demand on the next generation of web browsers and most specifically it would accomodate the low processing power of new portable devices such as PDAs. Hence the birth of the next generation of HTML called XHTML, the ‘ X ‘ representing that this version of HTML was based on XML (eXtensible Markup Language) instead of SGML.
Учебник HTML
HTML расшифровывается как Hyper Text Markup Language, т.е. язык гипертекстовой разметки — основной строительный блок веб-страниц, используется для создания и визуального представления веб-станиц.
Язык HTML добавляет разметку в обычный текст. Гипертекст содержит различные ссылки благодаря которым веб-страницы связываются между собой. С помощью HTML каждый может создавать как статические так и динимические сайты. HTML является языком, описывающим структуру и семантику содержимого веб-документа. Содержимое веб-страницы размечается с помощью тегов, представляющих HTML-элементы. Примерами таких элементов являются , , и так далее. Эти элементы формируют строительные блоки для любого веб-сайта.
HTML был изобретён в 1991 году учёным, Тимом Бёрнсом-Ли (Tim Berners-Lee), и изначально предназначался для обмена документами между учёными различных университетов. Своим изобретением Тим Бёрнс-Ли заложил основы современной сети Internet.
Существует несколько версий HTML. Стандарт языка непрерывно обновляется и дополняется, следствие этого — почти каждый год выходит новая версия HTML. Версия «HTML 2.0» была первым стандартом HTML спецификации, которая была опубликована в 1995 году. HTML 4.01 является основной версией HTML, которая была опубликована в конце 1999 года, и широко используется в настоящее время. Сегодня наиболее популярной становится версия HTML-5, которая является расширением HTML 4.01, и опубликована в 2012 году.
HTML-документ или веб-страница — это простой текстовый документ, содержащий тэги (которые в свою очередь являются обычным текстом, заключенным в угловые скобки ). Веб-страницу можно набрать как в обычном текстовом редакторе (Блокнот, WordPad, Word и т.д.), так и в специализированном, с подсветкой кода (Notepad++, Sublime Text идр.). Документы HTML хранятся в виде файлов с расширением .htm или .html.
Онлайн-примеры в каждом уроке
В процессе изложения материала в каждом уроке будут приводиться примеры, которые помогут вам детально разобраться в каждом коде и, благодаря практике, наслаждаться обучением. С помощью нашего онлайн-редактора HTML, вы можете отредактировать HTML-документ, а затем нажмите в редакторе оранжевую кнопку «Выполнить», которая расположена над левым окном редактора, чтобы увидеть результат. Если вы пользуетесь специализированным HTML-редактором, то, вы можете скопировать пример и посмотреть результаты своего труда в браузере, установленном на вашем компьютере.
Пример HTML:
Это заголовок
Это параграф.
Онлайн-примеры HTML
В учебнике HTML для вас подготовлено более 100 онлайн-примеров, благодаря которым вы легко освоите язык разметки. Лучше один раз увидеть, чем сто раз услышать! Теория плюс практика — залог вашего успеха в освоении HTML.
С помощью онлайн-редактора вы сможете редактировать и анализировать каждый пример в учебнике HTML.
Справочник HTML
В справочнике вы найдете полную информацию по любым тегам, атрибутам, событиям, ссылкам, кодам цветов, изображениям и много чего еще.
HTML Tutorial
HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language, which is the most widely used language on Web to develop web pages. HTML was created by Berners-Lee in late 1991 but «HTML 2.0» was the first standard HTML specification which was published in 1995. HTML 4.01 was a major version of HTML and it was published in late 1999. Though HTML 4.01 version is widely used but currently we are having HTML-5 version which is an extension to HTML 4.01, and this version was published in 2012.
Why to Learn HTML?
Originally, HTML was developed with the intent of defining the structure of documents like headings, paragraphs, lists, and so forth to facilitate the sharing of scientific information between researchers. Now, HTML is being widely used to format web pages with the help of different tags available in HTML language.
HTML is a MUST for students and working professionals to become a great Software Engineer specially when they are working in Web Development Domain. I will list down some of the key advantages of learning HTML:
- Create Web site — You can create a website or customize an existing web template if you know HTML well.
- Become a web designer — If you want to start a carrer as a professional web designer, HTML and CSS designing is a must skill.
- Understand web — If you want to optimize your website, to boost its speed and performance, it is good to know HTML to yield best results.
- Learn other languages — Once you understands the basic of HTML then other related technologies like javascript, php, or angular are become easier to understand.
Hello World using HTML.
Just to give you a little excitement about HTML, I’m going to give you a small conventional HTML Hello World program, You can try it using Demo link.
This is a heading
Hello World!
Applications of HTML
As mentioned before, HTML is one of the most widely used language over the web. I’m going to list few of them here:
- Web pages development — HTML is used to create pages which are rendered over the web. Almost every page of web is having html tags in it to render its details in browser.
- Internet Navigation — HTML provides tags which are used to navigate from one page to another and is heavily used in internet navigation.
- Responsive UI — HTML pages now-a-days works well on all platform, mobile, tabs, desktop or laptops owing to responsive design strategy.
- Offline support HTML pages once loaded can be made available offline on the machine without any need of internet.
- Game development— HTML5 has native support for rich experience and is now useful in gaming developent arena as well.
Audience
This HTML tutorial is designed for the aspiring Web Designers and Developers with a need to understand the HTML in enough detail along with its simple overview, and practical examples. This tutorial will give you enough ingredients to start with HTML from where you can take yourself at higher level of expertise.
Prerequisites
Before proceeding with this tutorial you should have a basic working knowledge with Windows or Linux operating system, additionally you must be familiar with −
- Experience with any text editor like notepad, notepad++, or Edit plus etc.
- How to create directories and files on your computer.
- How to navigate through different directories.
- How to type content in a file and save them on a computer.
- Understanding about images in different formats like JPEG, PNG format.