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CSS: Cascading Style Sheets

Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is a stylesheet language used to describe the presentation of a document written in HTML or XML (including XML dialects such as SVG, MathML or XHTML). CSS describes how elements should be rendered on screen, on paper, in speech, or on other media.

CSS is among the core languages of the open web and is standardized across Web browsers according to W3C specifications. Previously, the development of various parts of CSS specification was done synchronously, which allowed the versioning of the latest recommendations. You might have heard about CSS1, CSS2.1, or even CSS3. There will never be a CSS3 or a CSS4; rather, everything is now CSS without a version number.

After CSS 2.1, the scope of the specification increased significantly and the progress on different CSS modules started to differ so much, that it became more effective to develop and release recommendations separately per module. Instead of versioning the CSS specification, W3C now periodically takes a snapshot of the latest stable state of the CSS specification and individual modules progress. CSS modules now have version numbers, or levels, such as CSS Color Module Level 5.

Key resources

If you’re new to web development, be sure to read our CSS basics article to learn what CSS is and how to use it.

Our CSS learning area contains a wealth of tutorials to take you from beginner level to proficiency, covering all the fundamentals.

Our exhaustive CSS reference for seasoned Web developers describes every property and concept of CSS.

Looking to become a front-end web developer?

We have put together a course that includes all the essential information you need to work towards your goal.

Tutorials

Our CSS Learning Area features multiple modules that teach CSS from the ground up — no previous knowledge required.

CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) is used to style and layout web pages — for example, to alter the font, color, size, and spacing of your content, split it into multiple columns, or add animations and other decorative features. This module provides a gentle beginning to your path towards CSS mastery with the basics of how it works, what the syntax looks like, and how you can start using it to add styling to HTML.

This module carries on where CSS first steps left off — now you’ve gained familiarity with the language and its syntax, and got some basic experience with using it, it’s time to dive a bit deeper. This module looks at the cascade and inheritance, all the selector types we have available, units, sizing, styling backgrounds and borders, debugging, and lots more.

The aim here is to provide you with a toolkit for writing competent CSS and help you understand all the essential theory, before moving on to more specific disciplines like text styling and CSS layout.

With the basics of the CSS language covered, the next CSS topic for you to concentrate on is styling text — one of the most common things you’ll do with CSS. Here we look at text styling fundamentals, including setting font, boldness, italics, line and letter spacing, drop shadows, and other text features. We round off the module by looking at applying custom fonts to your page, and styling lists and links.

At this point we’ve already looked at CSS fundamentals, how to style text, and how to style and manipulate the boxes that your content sits inside. Now it’s time to look at how to place your boxes in the right place in relation to the viewport, and to each other. We have covered the necessary prerequisites so we can now dive deep into CSS layout, looking at different display settings, modern layout tools like flexbox, CSS grid, and positioning, and some of the legacy techniques you might still want to know about.

This module provides links to sections of content explaining how to use CSS to solve common problems when creating a web page.

Reference

• CSS reference: This exhaustive reference for seasoned Web developers describes every property and concept of CSS.
• CSS key concepts:
  • The syntax and forms of the language
  • Specificity, inheritance, and the Cascade
  • CSS units and values and functional notations
  • Box model and margin collapse
  • The containing block
  • Stacking and block-formatting contexts
  • Initial, computed, used, and actual values
  • CSS shorthand properties
  • CSS Flexible Box Layout
  • CSS Grid Layout
  • CSS selectors
  • Media queries
  • Animation

  Cookbook

  The CSS layout cookbook aims to bring together recipes for common layout patterns, things you might need to implement in your sites. In addition to providing code you can use as a starting point in your projects, these recipes highlight the different ways layout specifications can be used and the choices you can make as a developer.

  Tools for CSS development

  • You can use the W3C CSS Validation Service to check if your CSS is valid. This is an invaluable debugging tool.
  • Firefox Developer Tools lets you view and edit a page’s live CSS via the Inspector and Style Editor tools.
  • The Web Developer extension for Firefox lets you track and edit live CSS on watched sites.

  Meta bugs

  See also

  • CSS demos: Get a creative boost by exploring examples of the latest CSS technologies in action.
  • Web languages to which CSS is often applied: HTML, SVG, MathML, XHTML, and XML.
  • Stack Overflow questions about CSS

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  This page was last modified on Jul 22, 2023 by MDN contributors.

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  Cascading Style Sheets home page

  Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is a simple mechanism for adding style (e.g., fonts, colors, spacing) to Web documents.

  These pages contain information on how to learn and use CSS and on available software. They also contain news from the CSS working group.

  High­lights

  News

  • 6 Jun 2023 Updated Working Draft: Scroll-driven Animations .
  • 5 Jun 2023 Updated Working Draft: Web Animations .
  • 2 Jun 2023 Updated Working Draft: CSS Animations Level 2 .
  • 30 May 2023 David Shea’s CSS Zen Garden celebrates its 20th anniversary by restoring some pages that had disappeared from the web site, such as the list of all designs.
  • 30 May 2023 Updated Working Draft: CSS View Transitions Level 1 .

  For more news, see our syndicator “The Future of Style.”

  Stan­dards & drafts

  Working group news

  A part of the CSS WG in May 2016.

  Join­ing the dis­cus­sion

  If you work for a W3C member organization, you can also join the working group.

  Soft­ware

  Nearly all browsers nowadays support CSS and many other applications do, too. To write CSS, you don’t need more than a text editor, but there are many tools available that make it even easier.

  Learn­ing CSS

  Another page also has some books, mailing lists and similar fora, and links to other directories.

  The history of CSS is described in chapter 20 of the book Cascading Style Sheets, designing for the Web, by Håkon Wium Lie and Bert Bos (2nd ed., 1999, Addison Wesley, ISBN 0-201-59625-3)

  Re­lated

  The CSS validator Checks the syntax (and more) of style sheets. Digital Publishing Activity An Interest Group that looks at how Web technology, including CSS, can be used in publishing, and how those technologies can be improved. Core Style Sheets A set of simple style sheets designed when browsers’ compatibility was a bigger problem than today, but still useful. CSS Techniques for WCAG 2.0 A note about the role of CSS in making pages accessible. SAC: The Simple API for CSS An interface between CSS parsers and CSS processors. XSL (Extensible Stylesheet Language) XSL and CSS share many features, but XSL is focused on complex layout tasks, especially for print. A MathML for CSS profile Describes a subset of MathML that can be reasonably formatted with just CSS level 2

  A song

  CSS inspired ‘quayjn’ to write the song ‘CSS is OK’ .

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  Last updated Thu 13 Jul 2023 04:40:09 AM UTC

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