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The Python Language Reference¶

This reference manual describes the syntax and “core semantics” of the language. It is terse, but attempts to be exact and complete. The semantics of non-essential built-in object types and of the built-in functions and modules are described in The Python Standard Library . For an informal introduction to the language, see The Python Tutorial . For C or C++ programmers, two additional manuals exist: Extending and Embedding the Python Interpreter describes the high-level picture of how to write a Python extension module, and the Python/C API Reference Manual describes the interfaces available to C/C++ programmers in detail.

  • 1. Introduction
    • 1.1. Alternate Implementations
    • 1.2. Notation
    • 2.1. Line structure
    • 2.2. Other tokens
    • 2.3. Identifiers and keywords
    • 2.4. Literals
    • 2.5. Operators
    • 2.6. Delimiters
    • 3.1. Objects, values and types
    • 3.2. The standard type hierarchy
    • 3.3. Special method names
    • 3.4. Coroutines
    • 4.1. Structure of a program
    • 4.2. Naming and binding
    • 4.3. Exceptions
    • 5.1. importlib
    • 5.2. Packages
    • 5.3. Searching
    • 5.4. Loading
    • 5.5. The Path Based Finder
    • 5.6. Replacing the standard import system
    • 5.7. Package Relative Imports
    • 5.8. Special considerations for __main__
    • 5.9. References
    • 6.1. Arithmetic conversions
    • 6.2. Atoms
    • 6.3. Primaries
    • 6.4. Await expression
    • 6.5. The power operator
    • 6.6. Unary arithmetic and bitwise operations
    • 6.7. Binary arithmetic operations
    • 6.8. Shifting operations
    • 6.9. Binary bitwise operations
    • 6.10. Comparisons
    • 6.11. Boolean operations
    • 6.12. Assignment expressions
    • 6.13. Conditional expressions
    • 6.14. Lambdas
    • 6.15. Expression lists
    • 6.16. Evaluation order
    • 6.17. Operator precedence
    • 7.1. Expression statements
    • 7.2. Assignment statements
    • 7.3. The assert statement
    • 7.4. The pass statement
    • 7.5. The del statement
    • 7.6. The return statement
    • 7.7. The yield statement
    • 7.8. The raise statement
    • 7.9. The break statement
    • 7.10. The continue statement
    • 7.11. The import statement
    • 7.12. The global statement
    • 7.13. The nonlocal statement
    • 8.1. The if statement
    • 8.2. The while statement
    • 8.3. The for statement
    • 8.4. The try statement
    • 8.5. The with statement
    • 8.6. The match statement
    • 8.7. Function definitions
    • 8.8. Class definitions
    • 8.9. Coroutines
    • 9.1. Complete Python programs
    • 9.2. File input
    • 9.3. Interactive input
    • 9.4. Expression input

    Источник

    The Python Tutorial¶

    Python is an easy to learn, powerful programming language. It has efficient high-level data structures and a simple but effective approach to object-oriented programming. Python’s elegant syntax and dynamic typing, together with its interpreted nature, make it an ideal language for scripting and rapid application development in many areas on most platforms.

    The Python interpreter and the extensive standard library are freely available in source or binary form for all major platforms from the Python web site, https://www.python.org/, and may be freely distributed. The same site also contains distributions of and pointers to many free third party Python modules, programs and tools, and additional documentation.

    The Python interpreter is easily extended with new functions and data types implemented in C or C++ (or other languages callable from C). Python is also suitable as an extension language for customizable applications.

    This tutorial introduces the reader informally to the basic concepts and features of the Python language and system. It helps to have a Python interpreter handy for hands-on experience, but all examples are self-contained, so the tutorial can be read off-line as well.

    For a description of standard objects and modules, see The Python Standard Library . The Python Language Reference gives a more formal definition of the language. To write extensions in C or C++, read Extending and Embedding the Python Interpreter and Python/C API Reference Manual . There are also several books covering Python in depth.

    This tutorial does not attempt to be comprehensive and cover every single feature, or even every commonly used feature. Instead, it introduces many of Python’s most noteworthy features, and will give you a good idea of the language’s flavor and style. After reading it, you will be able to read and write Python modules and programs, and you will be ready to learn more about the various Python library modules described in The Python Standard Library .

    The Glossary is also worth going through.

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