The Python Language Reference¶
This reference manual describes the syntax and “core semantics” of the language. It is terse, but attempts to be exact and complete. The semantics of non-essential built-in object types and of the built-in functions and modules are described in The Python Standard Library . For an informal introduction to the language, see The Python Tutorial . For C or C++ programmers, two additional manuals exist: Extending and Embedding the Python Interpreter describes the high-level picture of how to write a Python extension module, and the Python/C API Reference Manual describes the interfaces available to C/C++ programmers in detail.
- 1. Introduction
- 1.1. Alternate Implementations
- 1.2. Notation
- 2.1. Line structure
- 2.2. Other tokens
- 2.3. Identifiers and keywords
- 2.4. Literals
- 2.5. Operators
- 2.6. Delimiters
- 3.1. Objects, values and types
- 3.2. The standard type hierarchy
- 3.3. Special method names
- 3.4. Coroutines
- 4.1. Structure of a program
- 4.2. Naming and binding
- 4.3. Exceptions
- 5.1. importlib
- 5.2. Packages
- 5.3. Searching
- 5.4. Loading
- 5.5. The Path Based Finder
- 5.6. Replacing the standard import system
- 5.7. Package Relative Imports
- 5.8. Special considerations for __main__
- 5.9. References
- 6.1. Arithmetic conversions
- 6.2. Atoms
- 6.3. Primaries
- 6.4. Await expression
- 6.5. The power operator
- 6.6. Unary arithmetic and bitwise operations
- 6.7. Binary arithmetic operations
- 6.8. Shifting operations
- 6.9. Binary bitwise operations
- 6.10. Comparisons
- 6.11. Boolean operations
- 6.12. Assignment expressions
- 6.13. Conditional expressions
- 6.14. Lambdas
- 6.15. Expression lists
- 6.16. Evaluation order
- 6.17. Operator precedence
- 7.1. Expression statements
- 7.2. Assignment statements
- 7.3. The assert statement
- 7.4. The pass statement
- 7.5. The del statement
- 7.6. The return statement
- 7.7. The yield statement
- 7.8. The raise statement
- 7.9. The break statement
- 7.10. The continue statement
- 7.11. The import statement
- 7.12. The global statement
- 7.13. The nonlocal statement
- 8.1. The if statement
- 8.2. The while statement
- 8.3. The for statement
- 8.4. The try statement
- 8.5. The with statement
- 8.6. The match statement
- 8.7. Function definitions
- 8.8. Class definitions
- 8.9. Coroutines
- 9.1. Complete Python programs
- 9.2. File input
- 9.3. Interactive input
- 9.4. Expression input