Using class variables python

Understanding Class and Instance Variables in Python 3

Object-oriented programming allows for variables to be used at the class level or the instance level. Variables are essentially symbols that stand in for a value you’re using in a program.

At the class level, variables are referred to as class variables, whereas variables at the instance level are called instance variables.

When we expect variables are going to be consistent across instances, or when we would like to initialize a variable, we can define that variable at the class level. When we anticipate the variables will change significantly across instances, we can define them at the instance level.

One of the principles of software development is the DRY principle, which stands for don’t repeat yourself. This principle is geared towards limiting repetition within code, and object-oriented programming adheres to the DRY principle as it reduces redundancy.

This tutorial will demonstrate the use of both class and instance variables in object-oriented programming within Python.

Prerequisites

You should have Python 3 installed and a programming environment set up on your computer or server. If you don’t have a programming environment set up, you can refer to the installation and setup guides for a local programming environment or for a programming environment on your server appropriate for your operating system (Ubuntu, CentOS, Debian, etc.)

Class Variables

Class variables are defined within the class construction. Because they are owned by the class itself, class variables are shared by all instances of the class. They therefore will generally have the same value for every instance unless you are using the class variable to initialize a variable.

Defined outside of all the methods, class variables are, by convention, typically placed right below the class header and before the constructor method and other methods.

Info: To follow along with the example code in this tutorial, open a Python interactive shell on your local system by running the python3 command. Then you can copy, paste, or edit the examples by adding them after the >>> prompt.

A class variable alone looks like the following:

class Shark: animal_type = "fish" 

Here, the variable animal_type is assigned the value «fish» .

We can create an instance of the Shark class (we’ll call it new_shark ) and print the variable by using dot notation:

class Shark: animal_type = "fish" new_shark = Shark() print(new_shark.animal_type) 

Our program returns the value of the variable.

Let’s add a few more class variables and print them out:

class Shark: animal_type = "fish" location = "ocean" followers = 5 new_shark = Shark() print(new_shark.animal_type) print(new_shark.location) print(new_shark.followers) 

Just like with any other variable, class variables can consist of any data type available to us in Python. In this program we have strings and an integer. Let’s run the program again with the python shark.py command and review the output:

The instance of new_shark is able to access all the class variables and print them out when we run the program.

Class variables allow us to define variables upon constructing the class. These variables and their associated values are then accessible to each instance of the class.

Instance Variables

Instance variables are owned by instances of the class. This means that for each object or instance of a class, the instance variables are different.

Unlike class variables, instance variables are defined within methods.

In the Shark class example below, name and age are instance variables:

class Shark: def __init__(self, name, age): self.name = name self.age = age 

When we create a Shark object, we will have to define these variables, which are passed as parameters within the constructor method or another method.

class Shark: def __init__(self, name, age): self.name = name self.age = age new_shark = Shark("Sammy", 5) 

As with class variables, we can similarly call to print instance variables:

class Shark: def __init__(self, name, age): self.name = name self.age = age new_shark = Shark("Sammy", 5) print(new_shark.name) print(new_shark.age) 

When we run the program above with python shark.py , we’ll receive the following output:

The output we receive is made up of the values of the variables that we initialized for the object instance of new_shark .

Let’s create another object of the Shark class called stevie :

class Shark: def __init__(self, name, age): self.name = name self.age = age new_shark = Shark("Sammy", 5) print(new_shark.name) print(new_shark.age) stevie = Shark("Stevie", 8) print(stevie.name) print(stevie.age) 

The stevie object, like the new_shark object passes the parameters specific for that instance of the Shark class to assign values to the instance variables.

Instance variables, owned by objects of the class, allow for each object or instance to have different values assigned to those variables.

Working with Class and Instance Variables Together

Class variables and instance variables will often be utilized at the same time, so let’s look at an example of this using the Shark class we created. The comments in the program outline each step of the process.

class Shark: # Class variables animal_type = "fish" location = "ocean" # Constructor method with instance variables name and age def __init__(self, name, age): self.name = name self.age = age # Method with instance variable followers def set_followers(self, followers): print("This user has " + str(followers) + " followers") def main(): # First object, set up instance variables of constructor method sammy = Shark("Sammy", 5) # Print out instance variable name print(sammy.name) # Print out class variable location print(sammy.location) # Second object stevie = Shark("Stevie", 8) # Print out instance variable name print(stevie.name) # Use set_followers method and pass followers instance variable stevie.set_followers(77) # Print out class variable animal_type print(stevie.animal_type) if __name__ == "__main__": main() 

When we run the program with python shark.py , we’ll receive the following output:

Output
Sammy ocean Stevie This user has 77 followers fish 

Here, we have made use of both class and instance variables in two objects of the Shark class, sammy and stevie .

Conclusion

In object-oriented programming, variables at the class level are referred to as class variables, whereas variables at the object level are called instance variables.

This differentiation allows us to use class variables to initialize objects with a specific value assigned to variables, and use different variables for each object with instance variables.

Making use of class- and instance-specific variables can ensure that our code adheres to the DRY principle to reduce repetition within code.

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Tutorial Series: Object-Oriented Programming in Python 3

Object-oriented programming (OOP) focuses on creating reusable patterns of code, in contrast to procedural programming, which focuses on explicit sequenced instructions. When working on complex programs in particular, object-oriented programming lets you reuse code and write code that is more readable, which in turn makes it more maintainable.

Tutorial Series: How To Code in Python

Introduction

Python is a flexible and versatile programming language that can be leveraged for many use cases, with strengths in scripting, automation, data analysis, machine learning, and back-end development. It is a great tool for both new learners and experienced developers alike.

Prerequisites

You should have Python 3 installed and a programming environment set up on your computer or server. If you don’t have a programming environment set up, you can refer to the installation and setup guides for a local programming environment or for a programming environment on your server appropriate for your operating system (Ubuntu, CentOS, Debian, etc.)

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