Sort python что это

list sort() в Python

Метод sort() сортирует элементы данного списка в определенном порядке возрастания или убывания.

В качестве альтернативы вы также можете использовать встроенную функцию sorted() для той же цели.

Примечание: Самое простое различие между sort() и sorted(): sort() изменяет список напрямую и не возвращает никакого значения, а sorted() не изменяет список и возвращает отсортированный список.

Параметры

По умолчанию команда не требует дополнительных параметров. Однако у него есть два необязательных параметра:

• reverse ‒ если True, отсортированный список переворачивается (или сортируется в порядке убывания).
• key ‒ функция, которая служит ключом для сравнения сортировок.

Возвращаемое значение

Метод в Python не возвращает никакого значения. Скорее, он меняет исходный список.

Если вы хотите, чтобы функция возвращала отсортированный список, а не изменяла исходный список, используйте sorted().

Пример 1: Сортировка заданного списка

# vowels list vowels = ['e', 'a', 'u', 'o', 'i'] # sort the vowels vowels.sort() # print vowels print('Sorted list:', vowels)

Сортировать по убыванию

Функция принимает обратный параметр в качестве необязательного аргумента.

Установка reverse = True сортирует список в порядке убывания.

В качестве альтернативы для sorted() вы можете использовать следующий код.

Пример 2: Отсортировать список в порядке убывания

# vowels list vowels = ['e', 'a', 'u', 'o', 'i'] # sort the vowels vowels.sort(reverse=True) # print vowels print('Sorted list (in Descending):', vowels)

Sorted list (in Descending): ['u', 'o', 'i', 'e', 'a']

Сортировать с помощью настраиваемой функции с помощью клавиши

Если вам нужна собственная реализация для сортировки, метод sort() также принимает ключевую функцию в качестве необязательного параметра.

По результатам ключевой функции вы можете отсортировать данный список.

В качестве альтернативы для сортировки:

Здесь len ‒ это встроенная функция Python для подсчета длины элемента.

Список сортируется по длине каждого элемента от наименьшего количества к наибольшему.

Мы знаем, что кортеж по умолчанию сортируется по первому параметру. Давайте посмотрим, как настроить метод для сортировки с использованием второго элемента.

Пример 3: Отсортировать список с помощью ключа

# take second element for sort def takeSecond(elem): return elem[1] # random list random = [(2, 2), (3, 4), (4, 1), (1, 3)] # sort list with key random.sort(key=takeSecond) # print list print('Sorted list:', random)

Sorted list: [(4, 1), (2, 2), (1, 3), (3, 4)]

Возьмем другой пример. Предположим, у нас есть список информации о сотрудниках офиса, каждый элемент которого представляет собой словарь.

Мы можем отсортировать список следующим образом:

# sorting using custom key employees = [ , , , , ] # custom functions to get employee info def get_name(employee): return employee.get('Name') def get_age(employee): return employee.get('age') def get_salary(employee): return employee.get('salary') # sort by name (Ascending order) employees.sort(key=get_name) print(employees, end='\n\n') # sort by Age (Ascending order) employees.sort(key=get_age) print(employees, end='\n\n') # sort by salary (Descending order) employees.sort(key=get_salary, reverse=True) print(employees, end='\n\n')

Здесь для первого случая наша настраиваемая функция возвращает имя каждого сотрудника. Поскольку имя представляет собой строку, Python по умолчанию сортирует его в алфавитном порядке.

Во втором случае возвращается возраст (int), который сортируется в порядке возрастания.

В третьем случае функция возвращает зарплату (int) и сортируется в порядке убывания с помощью reverse = True.

Рекомендуется использовать лямбда-функцию, когда функция может быть представлена в одной строке. Итак, мы также можем написать указанную выше программу как:

# sorting using custom key employees = [ , , , , ] # sort by name (Ascending order) employees.sort(key=lambda x: x.get('Name')) print(employees, end='\n\n') # sort by Age (Ascending order) employees.sort(key=lambda x: x.get('age')) print(employees, end='\n\n') # sort by salary (Descending order) employees.sort(key=lambda x: x.get('salary'), reverse=True) print(employees, end='\n\n')

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Sorting HOW TO¶

Python lists have a built-in list.sort() method that modifies the list in-place. There is also a sorted() built-in function that builds a new sorted list from an iterable.

In this document, we explore the various techniques for sorting data using Python.

Sorting Basics¶

A simple ascending sort is very easy: just call the sorted() function. It returns a new sorted list:

>>> sorted([5, 2, 3, 1, 4]) [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] 

You can also use the list.sort() method. It modifies the list in-place (and returns None to avoid confusion). Usually it’s less convenient than sorted() — but if you don’t need the original list, it’s slightly more efficient.

>>> a = [5, 2, 3, 1, 4] >>> a.sort() >>> a [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] 

Another difference is that the list.sort() method is only defined for lists. In contrast, the sorted() function accepts any iterable.

>>> sorted(1: 'D', 2: 'B', 3: 'B', 4: 'E', 5: 'A'>) [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] 

Key Functions¶

Both list.sort() and sorted() have a key parameter to specify a function (or other callable) to be called on each list element prior to making comparisons.

For example, here’s a case-insensitive string comparison:

>>> sorted("This is a test string from Andrew".split(), key=str.lower) ['a', 'Andrew', 'from', 'is', 'string', 'test', 'This'] 

The value of the key parameter should be a function (or other callable) that takes a single argument and returns a key to use for sorting purposes. This technique is fast because the key function is called exactly once for each input record.

A common pattern is to sort complex objects using some of the object’s indices as keys. For example:

>>> student_tuples = [ . ('john', 'A', 15), . ('jane', 'B', 12), . ('dave', 'B', 10), . ] >>> sorted(student_tuples, key=lambda student: student[2]) # sort by age [('dave', 'B', 10), ('jane', 'B', 12), ('john', 'A', 15)] 

The same technique works for objects with named attributes. For example:

>>> class Student: . def __init__(self, name, grade, age): . self.name = name . self.grade = grade . self.age = age . def __repr__(self): . return repr((self.name, self.grade, self.age)) >>> student_objects = [ . Student('john', 'A', 15), . Student('jane', 'B', 12), . Student('dave', 'B', 10), . ] >>> sorted(student_objects, key=lambda student: student.age) # sort by age [('dave', 'B', 10), ('jane', 'B', 12), ('john', 'A', 15)] 

Operator Module Functions¶

The key-function patterns shown above are very common, so Python provides convenience functions to make accessor functions easier and faster. The operator module has itemgetter() , attrgetter() , and a methodcaller() function.

Using those functions, the above examples become simpler and faster:

>>> from operator import itemgetter, attrgetter >>> sorted(student_tuples, key=itemgetter(2)) [('dave', 'B', 10), ('jane', 'B', 12), ('john', 'A', 15)] >>> sorted(student_objects, key=attrgetter('age')) [('dave', 'B', 10), ('jane', 'B', 12), ('john', 'A', 15)] 

The operator module functions allow multiple levels of sorting. For example, to sort by grade then by age:

>>> sorted(student_tuples, key=itemgetter(1,2)) [('john', 'A', 15), ('dave', 'B', 10), ('jane', 'B', 12)] >>> sorted(student_objects, key=attrgetter('grade', 'age')) [('john', 'A', 15), ('dave', 'B', 10), ('jane', 'B', 12)] 

Ascending and Descending¶

Both list.sort() and sorted() accept a reverse parameter with a boolean value. This is used to flag descending sorts. For example, to get the student data in reverse age order:

>>> sorted(student_tuples, key=itemgetter(2), reverse=True) [('john', 'A', 15), ('jane', 'B', 12), ('dave', 'B', 10)] >>> sorted(student_objects, key=attrgetter('age'), reverse=True) [('john', 'A', 15), ('jane', 'B', 12), ('dave', 'B', 10)] 

Sort Stability and Complex Sorts¶

Sorts are guaranteed to be stable. That means that when multiple records have the same key, their original order is preserved.

>>> data = [('red', 1), ('blue', 1), ('red', 2), ('blue', 2)] >>> sorted(data, key=itemgetter(0)) [('blue', 1), ('blue', 2), ('red', 1), ('red', 2)] 

Notice how the two records for blue retain their original order so that (‘blue’, 1) is guaranteed to precede (‘blue’, 2) .

This wonderful property lets you build complex sorts in a series of sorting steps. For example, to sort the student data by descending grade and then ascending age, do the age sort first and then sort again using grade:

>>> s = sorted(student_objects, key=attrgetter('age')) # sort on secondary key >>> sorted(s, key=attrgetter('grade'), reverse=True) # now sort on primary key, descending [('dave', 'B', 10), ('jane', 'B', 12), ('john', 'A', 15)] 

This can be abstracted out into a wrapper function that can take a list and tuples of field and order to sort them on multiple passes.

>>> def multisort(xs, specs): . for key, reverse in reversed(specs): . xs.sort(key=attrgetter(key), reverse=reverse) . return xs >>> multisort(list(student_objects), (('grade', True), ('age', False))) [('dave', 'B', 10), ('jane', 'B', 12), ('john', 'A', 15)] 

The Timsort algorithm used in Python does multiple sorts efficiently because it can take advantage of any ordering already present in a dataset.

Decorate-Sort-Undecorate¶

This idiom is called Decorate-Sort-Undecorate after its three steps:

• First, the initial list is decorated with new values that control the sort order.
• Second, the decorated list is sorted.
• Finally, the decorations are removed, creating a list that contains only the initial values in the new order.

For example, to sort the student data by grade using the DSU approach:

>>> decorated = [(student.grade, i, student) for i, student in enumerate(student_objects)] >>> decorated.sort() >>> [student for grade, i, student in decorated] # undecorate [('john', 'A', 15), ('jane', 'B', 12), ('dave', 'B', 10)] 

This idiom works because tuples are compared lexicographically; the first items are compared; if they are the same then the second items are compared, and so on.

It is not strictly necessary in all cases to include the index i in the decorated list, but including it gives two benefits:

• The sort is stable – if two items have the same key, their order will be preserved in the sorted list.
• The original items do not have to be comparable because the ordering of the decorated tuples will be determined by at most the first two items. So for example the original list could contain complex numbers which cannot be sorted directly.

Another name for this idiom is Schwartzian transform, after Randal L. Schwartz, who popularized it among Perl programmers.

Now that Python sorting provides key-functions, this technique is not often needed.

Comparison Functions¶

Unlike key functions that return an absolute value for sorting, a comparison function computes the relative ordering for two inputs.

For example, a balance scale compares two samples giving a relative ordering: lighter, equal, or heavier. Likewise, a comparison function such as cmp(a, b) will return a negative value for less-than, zero if the inputs are equal, or a positive value for greater-than.

It is common to encounter comparison functions when translating algorithms from other languages. Also, some libraries provide comparison functions as part of their API. For example, locale.strcoll() is a comparison function.

To accommodate those situations, Python provides functools.cmp_to_key to wrap the comparison function to make it usable as a key function:

sorted(words, key=cmp_to_key(strcoll)) # locale-aware sort order 

Odds and Ends¶

• For locale aware sorting, use locale.strxfrm() for a key function or locale.strcoll() for a comparison function. This is necessary because “alphabetical” sort orderings can vary across cultures even if the underlying alphabet is the same.
• The reverse parameter still maintains sort stability (so that records with equal keys retain the original order). Interestingly, that effect can be simulated without the parameter by using the builtin reversed() function twice:

>>> data = [('red', 1), ('blue', 1), ('red', 2), ('blue', 2)] >>> standard_way = sorted(data, key=itemgetter(0), reverse=True) >>> double_reversed = list(reversed(sorted(reversed(data), key=itemgetter(0)))) >>> assert standard_way == double_reversed >>> standard_way [('red', 1), ('red', 2), ('blue', 1), ('blue', 2)] 

>>> Student.__lt__ = lambda self, other: self.age  other.age >>> sorted(student_objects) [('dave', 'B', 10), ('jane', 'B', 12), ('john', 'A', 15)] 

>>> students = ['dave', 'john', 'jane'] >>> newgrades = 'john': 'F', 'jane':'A', 'dave': 'C'> >>> sorted(students, key=newgrades.__getitem__) ['jane', 'dave', 'john'] 

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