Python turtle graphics это

Turtle Programming in Python

“Turtle” is a Python feature like a drawing board, which lets us command a turtle to draw all over it! We can use functions like turtle.forward(…) and turtle.right(…) which can move the turtle around. Commonly used turtle methods are :

Method	Parameter	Description
Turtle()	None	Creates and returns a new turtle object
forward()	amount	Moves the turtle forward by the specified amount
backward()	amount	Moves the turtle backward by the specified amount
right()	angle	Turns the turtle clockwise
left()	angle	Turns the turtle counterclockwise
penup()	None	Picks up the turtle’s Pen
pendown()	None	Puts down the turtle’s Pen
up()	None	Picks up the turtle’s Pen
down()	None	Puts down the turtle’s Pen
color()	Color name	Changes the color of the turtle’s pen
fillcolor()	Color name	Changes the color of the turtle will use to fill a polygon
heading()	None	Returns the current heading
position()	None	Returns the current position
goto()	x, y	Move the turtle to position x,y
begin_fill()	None	Remember the starting point for a filled polygon
end_fill()	None	Close the polygon and fill with the current fill color
dot()	None	Leave the dot at the current position
stamp()	None	Leaves an impression of a turtle shape at the current location
shape()	shapename	Should be ‘arrow’, ‘classic’, ‘turtle’ or ‘circle’

Plotting using Turtle

To make use of the turtle methods and functionalities, we need to import turtle.”turtle” comes packed with the standard Python package and need not be installed externally. The roadmap for executing a turtle program follows 4 steps:

1. Import the turtle module
2. Create a turtle to control.
3. Draw around using the turtle methods.
4. Run turtle.done().

So as stated above, before we can use turtle, we need to import it. We import it as :

from turtle import * # or import turtle

After importing the turtle library and making all the turtle functionalities available to us, we need to create a new drawing board(window) and a turtle. Let’s call the window as wn and the turtle as skk. So we code as:

wn = turtle.Screen() wn.bgcolor("light green") wn.title("Turtle") skk = turtle.Turtle()

Now that we have created the window and the turtle, we need to move the turtle. To move forward 100 pixels in the direction skk is facing, we code:

We have moved skk 100 pixels forward, Awesome! Now we complete the program with the done() function and We’re done!

So, we have created a program that draws a line 100 pixels long. We can draw various shapes and fill different colors using turtle methods. There’s plethora of functions and programs to be coded using the turtle library in python. Let’s learn to draw some of the basic shapes.

Shape 1: Square

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turtle — Turtle graphics¶

Turtle graphics is an implementation of the popular geometric drawing tools introduced in Logo, developed by Wally Feurzeig, Seymour Papert and Cynthia Solomon in 1967.

Turtle can draw intricate shapes using programs that repeat simple moves.

In Python, turtle graphics provides a representation of a physical “turtle” (a little robot with a pen) that draws on a sheet of paper on the floor.

It’s an effective and well-proven way for learners to encounter programming concepts and interaction with software, as it provides instant, visible feedback. It also provides convenient access to graphical output in general.

Turtle drawing was originally created as an educational tool, to be used by teachers in the classroom. For the programmer who needs to produce some graphical output it can be a way to do that without the overhead of introducing more complex or external libraries into their work.

Tutorial¶

New users should start here. In this tutorial we’ll explore some of the basics of turtle drawing.

Starting a turtle environment¶

In a Python shell, import all the objects of the turtle module:

If you run into a No module named ‘_tkinter’ error, you’ll have to install the Tk interface package on your system.

Basic drawing¶

Send the turtle forward 100 steps:

You should see (most likely, in a new window on your display) a line drawn by the turtle, heading East. Change the direction of the turtle, so that it turns 120 degrees left (anti-clockwise):

Let’s continue by drawing a triangle:

forward(100) left(120) forward(100) 

Notice how the turtle, represented by an arrow, points in different directions as you steer it.

Experiment with those commands, and also with backward() and right() .

Pen control¶

Try changing the color — for example, color(‘blue’) — and width of the line — for example, width(3) — and then drawing again.

You can also move the turtle around without drawing, by lifting up the pen: up() before moving. To start drawing again, use down() .

The turtle’s position¶

Send your turtle back to its starting-point (useful if it has disappeared off-screen):

The home position is at the center of the turtle’s screen. If you ever need to know them, get the turtle’s x-y co-ordinates with:

And after a while, it will probably help to clear the window so we can start anew:

Making algorithmic patterns¶

Using loops, it’s possible to build up geometric patterns:

for steps in range(100): for c in ('blue', 'red', 'green'): color(c) forward(steps) right(30) 

— which of course, are limited only by the imagination!

Let’s draw the star shape at the top of this page. We want red lines, filled in with yellow:

Just as up() and down() determine whether lines will be drawn, filling can be turned on and off:

while True: forward(200) left(170) if abs(pos())  1: break 

Finally, complete the filling:

(Note that filling only actually takes place when you give the end_fill() command.)

Explanation¶

The turtle module is an extended reimplementation of the same-named module from the Python standard distribution up to version Python 2.5.

It tries to keep the merits of the old turtle module and to be (nearly) 100% compatible with it. This means in the first place to enable the learning programmer to use all the commands, classes and methods interactively when using the module from within IDLE run with the -n switch.

The turtle module provides turtle graphics primitives, in both object-oriented and procedure-oriented ways. Because it uses tkinter for the underlying graphics, it needs a version of Python installed with Tk support.

The object-oriented interface uses essentially two+two classes:

1. The TurtleScreen class defines graphics windows as a playground for the drawing turtles. Its constructor needs a tkinter.Canvas or a ScrolledCanvas as argument. It should be used when turtle is used as part of some application. The function Screen() returns a singleton object of a TurtleScreen subclass. This function should be used when turtle is used as a standalone tool for doing graphics. As a singleton object, inheriting from its class is not possible. All methods of TurtleScreen/Screen also exist as functions, i.e. as part of the procedure-oriented interface.
2. RawTurtle (alias: RawPen ) defines Turtle objects which draw on a TurtleScreen . Its constructor needs a Canvas, ScrolledCanvas or TurtleScreen as argument, so the RawTurtle objects know where to draw. Derived from RawTurtle is the subclass Turtle (alias: Pen ), which draws on “the” Screen instance which is automatically created, if not already present. All methods of RawTurtle/Turtle also exist as functions, i.e. part of the procedure-oriented interface.

The procedural interface provides functions which are derived from the methods of the classes Screen and Turtle . They have the same names as the corresponding methods. A screen object is automatically created whenever a function derived from a Screen method is called. An (unnamed) turtle object is automatically created whenever any of the functions derived from a Turtle method is called.

To use multiple turtles on a screen one has to use the object-oriented interface.

In the following documentation the argument list for functions is given. Methods, of course, have the additional first argument self which is omitted here.

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