PEP 257 – Docstring Conventions
This PEP documents the semantics and conventions associated with Python docstrings.
Rationale
The aim of this PEP is to standardize the high-level structure of docstrings: what they should contain, and how to say it (without touching on any markup syntax within docstrings). The PEP contains conventions, not laws or syntax.
“A universal convention supplies all of maintainability, clarity, consistency, and a foundation for good programming habits too. What it doesn’t do is insist that you follow it against your will. That’s Python!”
—Tim Peters on comp.lang.python, 2001-06-16
If you violate these conventions, the worst you’ll get is some dirty looks. But some software (such as the Docutils docstring processing system PEP 256, PEP 258) will be aware of the conventions, so following them will get you the best results.
Specification
What is a Docstring?
A docstring is a string literal that occurs as the first statement in a module, function, class, or method definition. Such a docstring becomes the __doc__ special attribute of that object.
All modules should normally have docstrings, and all functions and classes exported by a module should also have docstrings. Public methods (including the __init__ constructor) should also have docstrings. A package may be documented in the module docstring of the __init__.py file in the package directory.
String literals occurring elsewhere in Python code may also act as documentation. They are not recognized by the Python bytecode compiler and are not accessible as runtime object attributes (i.e. not assigned to __doc__ ), but two types of extra docstrings may be extracted by software tools:
- String literals occurring immediately after a simple assignment at the top level of a module, class, or __init__ method are called “attribute docstrings”.
- String literals occurring immediately after another docstring are called “additional docstrings”.
Please see PEP 258, “Docutils Design Specification”, for a detailed description of attribute and additional docstrings.
For consistency, always use «»»triple double quotes»»» around docstrings. Use r»»»raw triple double quotes»»» if you use any backslashes in your docstrings. For Unicode docstrings, use u»»»Unicode triple-quoted strings»»» .
There are two forms of docstrings: one-liners and multi-line docstrings.
One-line Docstrings
One-liners are for really obvious cases. They should really fit on one line. For example:
def kos_root(): """Return the pathname of the KOS root directory.""" global _kos_root if _kos_root: return _kos_root .
- Triple quotes are used even though the string fits on one line. This makes it easy to later expand it.
- The closing quotes are on the same line as the opening quotes. This looks better for one-liners.
- There’s no blank line either before or after the docstring.
- The docstring is a phrase ending in a period. It prescribes the function or method’s effect as a command (“Do this”, “Return that”), not as a description; e.g. don’t write “Returns the pathname …”.
- The one-line docstring should NOT be a “signature” reiterating the function/method parameters (which can be obtained by introspection). Don’t do:
def function(a, b): """function(a, b) -> list"""
This type of docstring is only appropriate for C functions (such as built-ins), where introspection is not possible. However, the nature of the return value cannot be determined by introspection, so it should be mentioned. The preferred form for such a docstring would be something like:
def function(a, b): """Do X and return a list."""
Multi-line Docstrings
Multi-line docstrings consist of a summary line just like a one-line docstring, followed by a blank line, followed by a more elaborate description. The summary line may be used by automatic indexing tools; it is important that it fits on one line and is separated from the rest of the docstring by a blank line. The summary line may be on the same line as the opening quotes or on the next line. The entire docstring is indented the same as the quotes at its first line (see example below).
Insert a blank line after all docstrings (one-line or multi-line) that document a class – generally speaking, the class’s methods are separated from each other by a single blank line, and the docstring needs to be offset from the first method by a blank line.
The docstring of a script (a stand-alone program) should be usable as its “usage” message, printed when the script is invoked with incorrect or missing arguments (or perhaps with a “-h” option, for “help”). Such a docstring should document the script’s function and command line syntax, environment variables, and files. Usage messages can be fairly elaborate (several screens full) and should be sufficient for a new user to use the command properly, as well as a complete quick reference to all options and arguments for the sophisticated user.
The docstring for a module should generally list the classes, exceptions and functions (and any other objects) that are exported by the module, with a one-line summary of each. (These summaries generally give less detail than the summary line in the object’s docstring.) The docstring for a package (i.e., the docstring of the package’s __init__.py module) should also list the modules and subpackages exported by the package.
The docstring for a function or method should summarize its behavior and document its arguments, return value(s), side effects, exceptions raised, and restrictions on when it can be called (all if applicable). Optional arguments should be indicated. It should be documented whether keyword arguments are part of the interface.
The docstring for a class should summarize its behavior and list the public methods and instance variables. If the class is intended to be subclassed, and has an additional interface for subclasses, this interface should be listed separately (in the docstring). The class constructor should be documented in the docstring for its __init__ method. Individual methods should be documented by their own docstring.
If a class subclasses another class and its behavior is mostly inherited from that class, its docstring should mention this and summarize the differences. Use the verb “override” to indicate that a subclass method replaces a superclass method and does not call the superclass method; use the verb “extend” to indicate that a subclass method calls the superclass method (in addition to its own behavior).
Do not use the Emacs convention of mentioning the arguments of functions or methods in upper case in running text. Python is case sensitive and the argument names can be used for keyword arguments, so the docstring should document the correct argument names. It is best to list each argument on a separate line. For example:
def complex(real=0.0, imag=0.0): """Form a complex number. Keyword arguments: real -- the real part (default 0.0) imag -- the imaginary part (default 0.0) """ if imag == 0.0 and real == 0.0: return complex_zero .
Unless the entire docstring fits on a line, place the closing quotes on a line by themselves. This way, Emacs’ fill-paragraph command can be used on it.
Handling Docstring Indentation
Docstring processing tools will strip a uniform amount of indentation from the second and further lines of the docstring, equal to the minimum indentation of all non-blank lines after the first line. Any indentation in the first line of the docstring (i.e., up to the first newline) is insignificant and removed. Relative indentation of later lines in the docstring is retained. Blank lines should be removed from the beginning and end of the docstring.
Since code is much more precise than words, here is an implementation of the algorithm:
def trim(docstring): if not docstring: return '' # Convert tabs to spaces (following the normal Python rules) # and split into a list of lines: lines = docstring.expandtabs().splitlines() # Determine minimum indentation (first line doesn't count): indent = sys.maxsize for line in lines[1:]: stripped = line.lstrip() if stripped: indent = min(indent, len(line) - len(stripped)) # Remove indentation (first line is special): trimmed = [lines[0].strip()] if indent sys.maxsize: for line in lines[1:]: trimmed.append(line[indent:].rstrip()) # Strip off trailing and leading blank lines: while trimmed and not trimmed[-1]: trimmed.pop() while trimmed and not trimmed[0]: trimmed.pop(0) # Return a single string: return '\n'.join(trimmed)
The docstring in this example contains two newline characters and is therefore 3 lines long. The first and last lines are blank:
def foo(): """ This is the second line of the docstring. """
>>> print repr(foo.__doc__) '\n This is the second line of the docstring.\n ' >>> foo.__doc__.splitlines() ['', ' This is the second line of the docstring.', ' '] >>> trim(foo.__doc__) 'This is the second line of the docstring.'
Once trimmed, these docstrings are equivalent:
def foo(): """A multi-line docstring. """ def bar(): """ A multi-line docstring. """
Copyright
This document has been placed in the public domain.
Acknowledgements
The “Specification” text comes mostly verbatim from PEP 8 by Guido van Rossum.
This document borrows ideas from the archives of the Python Doc-SIG. Thanks to all members past and present.
Строки документации в Python. Документирование модуля, класса, методов
Поскольку в языках программирования, в том числе Python, существует большое количество встроенных и предоставляемых третьими сторонами модулей, то помнить их все, в том числе их функционал, невозможно. Поэтому важно документировать код. Под документированием понимаются не комментарии, а так называемые строки документации, которые принято добавлять в начало модуля, класса, метода или функции.
Основное назначение комментариев – пояснить что делает код, как он работает. Основное назначение строк документации – кратко описать в целом для чего предназначен объект, какие аргументы принимает, и что возвращает.
В исходном коде Python строки документации заключаются в тройные кавычки и пишутся сразу под заголовком объекта. Пример документированного модуля:
"""Модуль содержит классы плоских фигур.""" from math import pi, pow class Rectangle: """Класс Прямоугольник.""" def __init__(self, a, b): """Конструктор принимает длину и ширину.""" self.w = a self.h = b def square(self): """Метод для вычисления площади.""" return round(self.w * self.h, 2) def perimeter(self): """Метод для вычисления периметра""" return 2 * (self.w + self.h) class Circle: """Класс Круг.""" def __init__(self, radius): """Конструктор принимает радиус.""" self.r = radius def square(self): """Метод для вычисления площади круга.""" return round(pi * pow(self.r, 2), 2) def length(self): """Метод для вычисления длины окружности.""" return round(2 * pi * self.r)
Извлекать строки документации можно двумя способами:
- Через встроенный для каждого объекта атрибут-переменную __doc__ .
- С помощью встроенной в Python функции help , которая запускает интерактивную справочную систему.
>>> import planimetry >>> planimetry.Rectangle.__doc__ 'Класс Прямоугольник.' >>> print(planimetry.__doc__) Модуль содержит классы плоских фигур.
Если дать команду help(planimetry) , то будут выведены все строки документации модуля в структурированном виде. Однако можно «заказывать» справку по отдельным объектам:
>>> help(planimetry.Circle.length) Help on function length in module geometry.planimetry: length(self) Метод для вычисления длины окружности.
Выход из справки осуществляется с помощью клавиши q .
В Python документированы все встроенные объекты и модули библиотеки.
>>> print(str.__doc__) str(object='') -> str str(bytes_or_buffer[, encoding[, errors]]) -> str Create a new string object from the given object. If encoding or errors is specified, then the object must expose a data buffer that will be decoded using the given encoding and error handler. Otherwise, returns the result of object.__str__() (if defined) or repr(object). encoding defaults to sys.getdefaultencoding(). errors defaults to 'strict'.
>>> import math >>> print(math.trunc.__doc__) Truncates the Real x to the nearest Integral toward 0. Uses the __trunc__ magic method. >>>
Таким образом, если вам надо узнать, для чего предназначена та или иная функция, и как она работает, это всегда можно сделать, не выходя из интерпретатора Python. Перечень атрибутов модуля или объекта можно посмотреть с помощью встроенной функции dir() .
Следует отметить, документирование модулей принято выполнять на английском языке. Многие проекты имеют открытый код, выкладываются в Веб, их смотрят и дорабатывают программисты из разных стран. Использование одного языка позволяет им понимать друг друга. Поэтому профессиональный программист должен владеть английским хотя бы на начальном уровне. Google Translate – тоже вариант.
Практическая работа
Выполните полное документирование модуля, созданного в практической работе прошлого урока.
Курс с примерами решений практических работ:
pdf-версия
Объектно-ориентированное программирование на Python