Python certificate verify failed ssl error

«SSL certificate verify failed» using pip to install packages

I am trying to install the Scrapy package (among others) for python using pip. I have tried doing the installation using python 3 and python 2, I have installed/upgraded the setuptools like so: $ pip3 install —upgrade setuptools , I have tried to use the —trusted-host option like so: $ pip3 install —trusted-host pypi.python.org Scrapy . But I always get the same error message when I run $ pip3 install Scrapy . The complete output is this:

Collecting Scrapy Using cached Scrapy-1.3.2-py2.py3-none-any.whl Collecting PyDispatcher>=2.0.5 (from Scrapy) Using cached PyDispatcher-2.0.5.tar.gz Collecting service-identity (from Scrapy) Using cached service_identity-16.0.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl Collecting pyOpenSSL (from Scrapy) Using cached pyOpenSSL-16.2.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl Collecting w3lib>=1.15.0 (from Scrapy) Using cached w3lib-1.17.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl Collecting parsel>=1.1 (from Scrapy) Using cached parsel-1.1.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl Collecting queuelib (from Scrapy) Using cached queuelib-1.4.2-py2.py3-none-any.whl Requirement already satisfied: six>=1.5.2 in /Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.6/lib/python3.6/site-packages (from Scrapy) Collecting Twisted>=13.1.0 (from Scrapy) Using cached Twisted-17.1.0.tar.bz2 Complete output from command python setup.py egg_info: Download error on https://pypi.python.org/simple/incremental/: [SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED] certificate verify failed (_ssl.c:749) -- Some packages may not be found! Couldn't find index page for 'incremental' (maybe misspelled?) Download error on https://pypi.python.org/simple/: [SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED] certificate verify failed (_ssl.c:749) -- Some packages may not be found! No local packages or working download links found for incremental>=16.10.1 Traceback (most recent call last): File "", line 1, in File "/private/var/folders/gy/5xt04_452z791v1qjs1yzxkh0000gn/T/pip-build-nkv4jozy/Twisted/setup.py", line 21, in setuptools.setup(**_setup["getSetupArgs"]()) File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.6/lib/python3.6/distutils/core.py", line 108, in setup _setup_distribution = dist = klass(attrs) File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.6/lib/python3.6/site-packages/setuptools/dist.py", line 317, in __init__ self.fetch_build_eggs(attrs['setup_requires']) File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.6/lib/python3.6/site-packages/setuptools/dist.py", line 372, in fetch_build_eggs replace_conflicting=True, File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.6/lib/python3.6/site-packages/pkg_resources/__init__.py", line 851, in resolve dist = best[req.key] = env.best_match(req, ws, installer) File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.6/lib/python3.6/site-packages/pkg_resources/__init__.py", line 1123, in best_match return self.obtain(req, installer) File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.6/lib/python3.6/site-packages/pkg_resources/__init__.py", line 1135, in obtain return installer(requirement) File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.6/lib/python3.6/site-packages/setuptools/dist.py", line 440, in fetch_build_egg return cmd.easy_install(req) File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.6/lib/python3.6/site-packages/setuptools/command/easy_install.py", line 668, in easy_install raise DistutilsError(msg) distutils.errors.DistutilsError: Could not find suitable distribution for Requirement.parse('incremental>=16.10.1') ---------------------------------------- Command "python setup.py egg_info" failed with error code 1 in /private/var/folders/gy/5xt04_452z791v1qjs1yzxkh0000gn/T/pip-build-nkv4jozy/Twisted/ 

I am on a mac OS version 10.12.1 and am using python 3.6. Does anybody know a solution to this problem?

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5 Ways to fix SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED in Python

SSL certificate_verify_failed errors typically occur as a result of outdated Python default certificates or invalid root certificates. We will cover how to fix this issue in 5 ways in this article.

Why certificate_verify_failed happen?

The SSL connection will be established based on the following process. We will get errors if any of these steps does not go well.

For this error certificate_verify_failed, it usually happens during step 2 and step 3.

• The client sends a request to the server for a secure session. The server responds by sending its X.509 digital certificate to the client.
• The client receives the server’s X.509 digital certificate.
• The client authenticates the server, using a list of known certificate authorities.
• The client generates a random symmetric key and encrypts it using server’s public key.
• The client and server now both know the symmetric key and can use the SSL encryption process to encrypt and decrypt the information contained in the client request and the server response.

When the client receives the server’s certificate, it begins chaining that certificate back to its root. It will begin by following the chain to the intermediate that has been installed, from there it continues tracing backwards until it arrives at a trusted root certificate.

If the certificate is valid and can be chained back to a trusted root, it will be trusted. If it can’t be chained back to a trusted root, the browser will issue a warning about the certificate.

Error info about certificate_verify_failed

We will see the following error.

Here is a detailed post about how to check SSL certificate.

What is SSL certificate

Server certificates are the most popular type of X.509 certificate. SSL/TLS certificates are issued to hostnames (machine names like ‘ABC-SERVER-02’ or domain names like google.com).

A server certificate is a file installed on a website’s origin server. It’s simply a data file containing the public key and the identity of the website owner, along with other information. Without a server certificate, a website’s traffic can’t be encrypted with TLS.

Technically, any website owner can create their own server certificate, and such certificates are called self-signed certificates. However, browsers do not consider self-signed certificates to be as trustworthy as SSL certificates issued by a certificate authority.

How to fix certificate_verify_failed?

If you receive the “certificate_verify_failed” error when trying to connect to a website, it means that the certificate on the website is not trusted. There are a few different ways to fix this error.

We will skip the SSL certificate check in the first three solutions. For the fourth solution, we are going to install the latest CA certificate from certifi.

Create unverified context in SSL

import ssl
context = ssl._create_unverified_context()
urllib.request.urlopen(req,context=context)

context = ssl._create_unverified_context(): This line creates an SSL context with the _create_unverified_context() function. By default, when making HTTPS requests, Python performs verification of the SSL certificate presented by the server to ensure its validity.

However, in some cases, such as when dealing with self-signed or expired certificates, you may encounter SSL verification errors.

The _create_unverified_context() function creates an SSL context that does not verify the server’s certificate, allowing connections to be established even if the certificate is not considered valid. This can be useful for testing or when dealing with certain scenarios where certificate validation is not required or not possible.

Create unverified https context in SSL

import ssl
ssl._create_default_https_context = ssl._create_unverified_context
urllib2.urlopen(«https://google.com»).read()

Use requests module and set ssl verify to false

In the provided code snippet, requests.get() is a function from the popular Python library called “requests” used for making HTTP GET requests. Here’s an explanation of the different parts of the code:

requests.get(url, headers=Hostreferer, verify=False)

url: This is the URL of the resource you want to retrieve using an HTTP GET request. It should be a string containing the complete URL.

headers=Hostreferer: This parameter specifies the headers to be included in the request. Hostreferer is likely a variable containing a dictionary of headers, including the Host and Referer headers. The Host header indicates the hostname of the server, and the Referer header specifies the URL of the referring page.

verify=False: This parameter is used to control SSL certificate verification. By default, when making HTTPS requests, requests performs SSL certificate verification to ensure the validity of the server’s certificate.

However, in some cases, such as when dealing with self-signed or expired certificates, you may encounter SSL verification errors. By setting verify=False, you are instructing requests to skip SSL certificate verification and accept any certificate presented by the server, regardless of its validity.

Use requests module and set ssl verify to certificate file

This is a command using the `requests` library in Python to send a GET request to a specified URL, which is `’https://github.com’` in this case.

The `get` method initiates a GET request to a web server. The GET request method is used to retrieve data from the server.

The `verify` parameter is used to control whether we verify the server’s TLS certificate or not. It can accept a boolean or a string.

• If `verify` is set to `True` (which is the default value), it will verify the server’s TLS certificate.
• If `verify` is set to `False`, the TLS verification is skipped (which is not recommended as it can make the connection insecure).
• If `verify` is a string, it should be the path to a CA bundle to use. Certificates from the specified file will be used to verify the server’s TLS certificate. This is what’s happening in your example, where `’/path/to/certfile’` should be replaced with the path to the CA bundle on your system.

In this specific case, the command is sending a GET request to ‘https://github.com’ and verifying the server’s TLS certificate using the CA certificates in the file at ‘/path/to/certfile’.

Update SSL certificate with PIP

we can also update our SSL certificate With PIP. All we would have to do is to update our SSL certificate directory with the following piece of code:

pip install —upgrade certifi

By upgrading pip to the latest version and updating the certifi package, you ensure that pip uses the most up-to-date SSL certificates for secure connections when installing or managing Python packages.

It’s important to note that these steps assume you have pip installed globally on your system. If you are using a virtual environment, make sure to activate the environment before running the above commands to update the SSL certificate specifically for that environment.

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pip install fails with «connection error: [SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED] certificate verify failed (_ssl.c:598)»

Here are the contents of my pip.log after running pip install linkchecker :

Downloading/unpacking linkchecker Getting page https://pypi.python.org/simple/linkchecker/ Could not fetch URL https://pypi.python.org/simple/linkchecker/: connection error: [SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED] certificate verify failed (_ssl.c:598) Will skip URL https://pypi.python.org/simple/linkchecker/ when looking for download links for linkchecker Getting page https://pypi.python.org/simple/ Could not fetch URL https://pypi.python.org/simple/: connection error: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='pypi.python.org', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /simple/ (Caused by : Request-sent) Will skip URL https://pypi.python.org/simple/ when looking for download links for linkchecker Cannot fetch index base URL https://pypi.python.org/simple/ URLs to search for versions for linkchecker: * https://pypi.python.org/simple/linkchecker/ Getting page https://pypi.python.org/simple/linkchecker/ Could not fetch URL https://pypi.python.org/simple/linkchecker/: connection error: [SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED] certificate verify failed (_ssl.c:598) Will skip URL https://pypi.python.org/simple/linkchecker/ when looking for download links for linkchecker Could not find any downloads that satisfy the requirement linkchecker Cleaning up. Removing temporary dir C:\Users\jcook\AppData\Local\Temp\pip_build_jcook. No distributions at all found for linkchecker Exception information: Traceback (most recent call last): File "C:\Python34\lib\site-packages\pip\basecommand.py", line 122, in main status = self.run(options, args) File "C:\Python34\lib\site-packages\pip\commands\install.py", line 278, in run requirement_set.prepare_files(finder, force_root_egg_info=self.bundle, bundle=self.bundle) File "C:\Python34\lib\site-packages\pip\req.py", line 1177, in prepare_files url = finder.find_requirement(req_to_install, upgrade=self.upgrade) File "C:\Python34\lib\site-packages\pip\index.py", line 277, in find_requirement raise DistributionNotFound('No distributions at all found for %s' % req) pip.exceptions.DistributionNotFound: No distributions at all found for linkchecker 

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