utf8_encode
This function has been DEPRECATED as of PHP 8.2.0. Relying on this function is highly discouraged.
Description
This function converts the string string from the ISO-8859-1 encoding to UTF-8 .
Note:
This function does not attempt to guess the current encoding of the provided string, it assumes it is encoded as ISO-8859-1 (also known as «Latin 1») and converts to UTF-8. Since every sequence of bytes is a valid ISO-8859-1 string, this never results in an error, but will not result in a useful string if a different encoding was intended.
Many web pages marked as using the ISO-8859-1 character encoding actually use the similar Windows-1252 encoding, and web browsers will interpret ISO-8859-1 web pages as Windows-1252 . Windows-1252 features additional printable characters, such as the Euro sign ( € ) and curly quotes ( “ ” ), instead of certain ISO-8859-1 control characters. This function will not convert such Windows-1252 characters correctly. Use a different function if Windows-1252 conversion is required.
Parameters
Return Values
Returns the UTF-8 translation of string .
Changelog
| Version | Description |
|---|---|
| 8.2.0 | This function has been deprecated. |
| 7.2.0 | This function has been moved from the XML extension to the core of PHP. In previous versions, it was only available if the XML extension was installed. |
Examples
Example #1 Basic example
// Convert the string ‘Zoë’ from ISO 8859-1 to UTF-8
$iso8859_1_string = «\x5A\x6F\xEB» ;
$utf8_string = utf8_encode ( $iso8859_1_string );
echo bin2hex ( $utf8_string ), «\n» ;
?>
The above example will output:
Notes
Note: Deprecation and alternatives
This function is deprecated as of PHP 8.2.0, and will be removed in a future version. Existing uses should be checked and replaced with appropriate alternatives.
Similar functionality can be achieved with mb_convert_encoding() , which supports ISO-8859-1 and many other character encodings.
$iso8859_1_string = «\xEB» ; // ‘ë’ (e with diaeresis) in ISO-8859-1
$utf8_string = mb_convert_encoding ( $iso8859_1_string , ‘UTF-8’ , ‘ISO-8859-1’ );
echo bin2hex ( $utf8_string ), «\n» ;
$iso8859_7_string = «\xEB» ; // the same string in ISO-8859-7 represents ‘λ’ (Greek lower-case lambda)
$utf8_string = mb_convert_encoding ( $iso8859_7_string , ‘UTF-8’ , ‘ISO-8859-7’ );
echo bin2hex ( $utf8_string ), «\n» ;
$windows_1252_string = «\x80» ; // ‘€’ (Euro sign) in Windows-1252, but not in ISO-8859-1
$utf8_string = mb_convert_encoding ( $windows_1252_string , ‘UTF-8’ , ‘Windows-1252’ );
echo bin2hex ( $utf8_string ), «\n» ;
?>
The above example will output:
Other options which may be available depending on the extensions installed are UConverter::transcode() and iconv() .
The following all give the same result:
$iso8859_1_string = «\x5A\x6F\xEB» ; // ‘Zoë’ in ISO-8859-1
$utf8_string = utf8_encode ( $iso8859_1_string );
echo bin2hex ( $utf8_string ), «\n» ;
$utf8_string = mb_convert_encoding ( $iso8859_1_string , ‘UTF-8’ , ‘ISO-8859-1’ );
echo bin2hex ( $utf8_string ), «\n» ;
$utf8_string = UConverter :: transcode ( $iso8859_1_string , ‘UTF8’ , ‘ISO-8859-1’ );
echo bin2hex ( $utf8_string ), «\n» ;
$utf8_string = iconv ( ‘ISO-8859-1’ , ‘UTF-8’ , $iso8859_1_string );
echo bin2hex ( $utf8_string ), «\n» ;
?>
The above example will output:
5a6fc3ab 5a6fc3ab 5a6fc3ab 5a6fc3ab
See Also
- utf8_decode() — Converts a string from UTF-8 to ISO-8859-1, replacing invalid or unrepresentable characters
- mb_convert_encoding() — Convert a string from one character encoding to another
- UConverter::transcode() — Convert a string from one character encoding to another
- iconv() — Convert a string from one character encoding to another
User Contributed Notes 24 notes
Please note that utf8_encode only converts a string encoded in ISO-8859-1 to UTF-8. A more appropriate name for it would be «iso88591_to_utf8». If your text is not encoded in ISO-8859-1, you do not need this function. If your text is already in UTF-8, you do not need this function. In fact, applying this function to text that is not encoded in ISO-8859-1 will most likely simply garble that text.
If you need to convert text from any encoding to any other encoding, look at iconv() instead.
Here’s some code that addresses the issue that Steven describes in the previous comment;
/* This structure encodes the difference between ISO-8859-1 and Windows-1252,
as a map from the UTF-8 encoding of some ISO-8859-1 control characters to
the UTF-8 encoding of the non-control characters that Windows-1252 places
at the equivalent code points. */
$cp1252_map = array(
«\xc2\x80» => «\xe2\x82\xac» , /* EURO SIGN */
«\xc2\x82» => «\xe2\x80\x9a» , /* SINGLE LOW-9 QUOTATION MARK */
«\xc2\x83» => «\xc6\x92» , /* LATIN SMALL LETTER F WITH HOOK */
«\xc2\x84» => «\xe2\x80\x9e» , /* DOUBLE LOW-9 QUOTATION MARK */
«\xc2\x85» => «\xe2\x80\xa6» , /* HORIZONTAL ELLIPSIS */
«\xc2\x86» => «\xe2\x80\xa0» , /* DAGGER */
«\xc2\x87» => «\xe2\x80\xa1» , /* DOUBLE DAGGER */
«\xc2\x88» => «\xcb\x86» , /* MODIFIER LETTER CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT */
«\xc2\x89» => «\xe2\x80\xb0» , /* PER MILLE SIGN */
«\xc2\x8a» => «\xc5\xa0» , /* LATIN CAPITAL LETTER S WITH CARON */
«\xc2\x8b» => «\xe2\x80\xb9» , /* SINGLE LEFT-POINTING ANGLE QUOTATION */
«\xc2\x8c» => «\xc5\x92» , /* LATIN CAPITAL LIGATURE OE */
«\xc2\x8e» => «\xc5\xbd» , /* LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z WITH CARON */
«\xc2\x91» => «\xe2\x80\x98» , /* LEFT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK */
«\xc2\x92» => «\xe2\x80\x99» , /* RIGHT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK */
«\xc2\x93» => «\xe2\x80\x9c» , /* LEFT DOUBLE QUOTATION MARK */
«\xc2\x94» => «\xe2\x80\x9d» , /* RIGHT DOUBLE QUOTATION MARK */
«\xc2\x95» => «\xe2\x80\xa2» , /* BULLET */
«\xc2\x96» => «\xe2\x80\x93» , /* EN DASH */
«\xc2\x97» => «\xe2\x80\x94» , /* EM DASH */
«\xc2\x98» => «\xcb\x9c» , /* SMALL TILDE */
«\xc2\x99» => «\xe2\x84\xa2» , /* TRADE MARK SIGN */
«\xc2\x9a» => «\xc5\xa1» , /* LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH CARON */
«\xc2\x9b» => «\xe2\x80\xba» , /* SINGLE RIGHT-POINTING ANGLE QUOTATION*/
«\xc2\x9c» => «\xc5\x93» , /* LATIN SMALL LIGATURE OE */
«\xc2\x9e» => «\xc5\xbe» , /* LATIN SMALL LETTER Z WITH CARON */
«\xc2\x9f» => «\xc5\xb8» /* LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y WITH DIAERESIS*/
);
function cp1252_to_utf8 ( $str ) global $cp1252_map ;
return strtr ( utf8_encode ( $str ), $cp1252_map );
>
For reference, it may be insightful to point out that:
utf8_encode($s)
is actually identical to:
recode_string(‘latin1..utf8’, $s)
and:
iconv(‘iso-8859-1’, ‘utf-8’, $s)
That is, utf8_encode is a specialized case of character set conversions.
If your string to be converted to utf-8 is something other than iso-8859-1 (such as iso-8859-2 (Polish/Croatian)), you should use recode_string() or iconv() instead rather than trying to devise complex str_replace statements.
If you haven’t guessed already: If the UTF-8 character has no representation in the ISO-8859-1 codepage, a ? will be returned. You might want to wrap a function around this to make sure you aren’t saving a bunch of . into your database.
If you need a function which converts a string array into a utf8 encoded string array then this function might be useful for you:
print is not a function but a language construct. Its argument is the expression following the print keyword, and is not delimited by parentheses.
The major differences to echo are that print only accepts a single argument and always returns 1 .
Parameters
The expression to be output. Non-string values will be coerced to strings, even when the strict_types directive is enabled.
Return Values
Examples
Example #1 print examples
print «print does not require parentheses.» ;
// No newline or space is added; the below outputs «helloworld» all on one line
print «hello» ;
print «world» ;
print «This string spans
multiple lines. The newlines will be
output as well» ;
print «This string spans\nmultiple lines. The newlines will be\noutput as well.» ;
// The argument can be any expression which produces a string
$foo = «example» ;
print «foo is $foo » ; // foo is example
$fruits = [ «lemon» , «orange» , «banana» ];
print implode ( » and » , $fruits ); // lemon and orange and banana
// Non-string expressions are coerced to string, even if declare(strict_types=1) is used
print 6 * 7 ; // 42
// Because print has a return value, it can be used in expressions
// The following outputs «hello world»
if ( print «hello» ) echo » world» ;
>
// The following outputs «true»
( 1 === 1 ) ? print ‘true’ : print ‘false’ ;
?>
Notes
Note: Using with parentheses
Surrounding the argument to print with parentheses will not raise a syntax error, and produces syntax which looks like a normal function call. However, this can be misleading, because the parentheses are actually part of the expression being output, not part of the print syntax itself.
print( «hello» );
// also outputs «hello», because («hello») is a valid expression
print( 1 + 2 ) * 3 ;
// outputs «9»; the parentheses cause 1+2 to be evaluated first, then 3*3
// the print statement sees the whole expression as one argument
if ( print( «hello» ) && false ) print » — inside if» ;
>
else print » — inside else» ;
>
// outputs » — inside if»
// the expression («hello») && false is first evaluated, giving false
// this is coerced to the empty string «» and printed
// the print construct then returns 1, so code in the if block is run
?>
When using print in a larger expression, placing both the keyword and its argument in parentheses may be necessary to give the intended result:
if ( (print «hello» ) && false ) print » — inside if» ;
>
else print » — inside else» ;
>
// outputs «hello — inside else»
// unlike the previous example, the expression (print «hello») is evaluated first
// after outputting «hello», print returns 1
// since 1 && false is false, code in the else block is run
print «hello » && print «world» ;
// outputs «world1»; print «world» is evaluated first,
// then the expression «hello » && 1 is passed to the left-hand print
(print «hello » ) && (print «world» );
// outputs «hello world»; the parentheses force the print expressions
// to be evaluated before the &&
?>
Note: Because this is a language construct and not a function, it cannot be called using variable functions, or named arguments.
See Also
- echo — Output one or more strings
- printf() — Output a formatted string
- flush() — Flush system output buffer
- Ways to specify literal strings