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I keep seeing qualification lists for error types/error-nums as arrays; In user notes and in the manual itself. For example, in this manual entry’s example, when trying to seperate behavior for the variable trace in the error report:
// set of errors for which a var trace will be saved
$user_errors = array( E_USER_ERROR , E_USER_WARNING , E_USER_NOTICE );
if ( in_array ( $errno , $user_errors )) //. whatever
>
//. ?>
I was under the impression that PHP error code values where bitwise flag values. Wouldn’t bitwise masking be better? So I propose a slightly better way:
$user_errors = E_USER_ERROR | E_USER_WARNING | E_USER_NOTICE ;
if ( $errno & $user_errors ) //. whatever
>
//. ?>
Or for those of you who don’t like the idea of using an integer as the condition in an if statement:
if (( $errno & $user_errors ) > 0 ) //. whatever
>
?>
I think that’s much more efficient than using _yet another_ array() constuct and an in_array().
If I am wrong, and the E_* constants aren’t supposed to be used in this fashion (ie, the constans aren’t guaranteed to be bitwise, which would be odd since that’s how they’re setup in the php.ini file), then delete me. I just don’t see why one should be using arrays when bitwise comparisons will work, considering the bitwise method should be MUCH more efficient.
Although the root user writes to the files ‘error_log’ and ‘access_log’, the Apache user has to own the file referenced by ‘error_log = filename’ or no log entries will be written.
; From php.ini
; Log errors to specified file.
error_log = /usr/local/apache/logs/php.errors
-rw-r—r— 1 nobody root 27K Jan 27 16:58 php.errors
PHP5 only (only tested with php5.0).
If you, for some reason, prefer exceptions over errors and have your custom error handler (set_error_handler) wrap the error into an exception you have to be careful with your script.
Because if you, instead of just calling the exception handler, throws the exception, and having a custom exception handler (set_exception_handler). And an error is being triggered inside that exception handler, you will get a weird error:
«Fatal error: Exception thrown without a stack frame in Unknown on line 0»
This error is not particulary informative, is it? 🙂
This example below will cause this error.
class PHPErrorException extends Exception
private $context = null ;
public function __construct
( $code , $message , $file , $line , $context = null )
parent :: __construct ( $message , $code );
$this -> file = $file ;
$this -> line = $line ;
$this -> context = $context ;
>
>;
function error_handler ( $code , $message , $file , $line ) throw new PHPErrorException ( $code , $message , $file , $line );
>
function exception_handler ( Exception $e )
<
$errors = array(
E_USER_ERROR => «User Error» ,
E_USER_WARNING => «User Warning» ,
E_USER_NOTICE => «User Notice» ,
);
echo $errors [ $e -> getCode ()]. ‘: ‘ . $e -> getMessage (). ‘ in ‘ . $e -> getFile ().
‘ on line ‘ . $e -> getLine (). «\n» ;
echo $e -> getTraceAsString ();
>
set_error_handler ( ‘error_handler’ );
set_exception_handler ( ‘exception_handler’ );
// Throw exception with an /unkown/ error code.
throw new Exception ( ‘foo’ , 0 );
?>
There are however, easy fix for this as it’s only cause is sloppy code.
Like one, directly call exception_handler from error_handler instead of throwing an exception. Not only does it remedy this problem, but it’s also faster. Though this will cause a `regular` unhandled exception being printed and if only «designed» error messages are intended, this is not the ultimate solution.
So, what is there to do? Make sure the code in exception_handlers doesn’t cause any errors! In this case a simple isset() would have solved it.
If you are using PHP as an Apache module, your default behavior may be to write PHP error messages to Apache’s error log. This is because the error_log .ini directive may be set equal to «error_log» which is also the name of Apache’s error log. I think this is intentional.
However, you can separate Apache errors from PHP errors if you wish by simply setting a different value for error_log. I write mine in the /var/log folder.
Note the example code listed here calls date() every time this is called. If you have a complex source base which calls the custom error handler often, it can end up taking quite a bit of time. I ran a profiler on som code and discovered that 50% of the time was spent in the date function in this error handler.
When configuring your error log file in php.ini, you can use an absolute path or a relative path. A relative path will be resolved based on the location of the generating script, and you’ll get a log file in each directory you have scripts in. If you want all your error messages to go to the same file, use an absolute path to the file.
In some application development methodologies, there is the concept of an application root directory, indicated by «/» (even on Windows). However, PHP does not seem to have this concept, and using a «/» as the initial character in a log file path produces weird behavior on Windows.
If you are running on Windows and have set, in php.ini:
You will get some, but not all, error messages. The file will appear at
and contain internally generated error messages, making it appear that error logging is working. However, log messages requested by error_log() do NOT appear here, or anywhere else, making it appear that the code containing them did not get processed.
Apparently on Windows the internally generated errors will interpret «/» as «C:\» (or possibly a different drive if you have Windows installed elsewhere — I haven’t tested this). However, the error_log process apparently can’t find «/» — understandably enough — and the message is dropped silently.
It is totally possible to use debug_backtrace() inside an error handling function. Here, take a look:
function errorHandler ( $errno , $errstr , $errfile , $errline , $errcontext )
echo ‘Into ‘ . __FUNCTION__ . ‘() at line ‘ . __LINE__ .
«\n\n—ERRNO—\n» . print_r ( $errno , true ).
«\n\n—ERRSTR—\n» . print_r ( $errstr , true ).
«\n\n—ERRFILE—\n» . print_r ( $errfile , true ).
«\n\n—ERRLINE—\n» . print_r ( $errline , true ).
«\n\n—ERRCONTEXT—\n» . print_r ( $errcontext , true ).
«\n\nBacktrace of errorHandler()\n» .
print_r ( debug_backtrace (), true );
>
function a ( )
//echo «a()’s backtrace\n».print_r( debug_backtrace(), true);
asdfasdf ; // oops
>
function b ()
//echo «b()’s backtrace\n».print_r( debug_backtrace(), true);
a ();
>
Into errorhandler() at line 9
—ERRSTR—
Use of undefined constant asdfasdf — assumed ‘asdfasdf’
Backtrace of errorHandler()
Array
(
[0] => Array
(
[function] => errorhandler
[args] => Array
(
[0] => 8
[1] => Use of undefined constant asdfasdf — assumed ‘asdfasdf’
[2] => /home/theotek/test-1.php
[3] => 23
[4] => Array
(
)
(
[file] => /home/theotek/test-1.php
[line] => 23
[function] => a
) [2] => Array
(
[file] => /home/theotek/test-1.php
[line] => 30
[function] => a
[args] => Array
(
) [3] => Array
(
[file] => /home/theotek/test-1.php
[line] => 33
[function] => b
[args] => Array
(
)
So, the first member of the backtrace’s array is not really surprising, except from the missing «file» and «line» members.
The second member of the backtrace seem the be a hook inside the zend engine that is used to trigger the error.
Other members are the normal backtrace.
Exception::getTraceAsString
Honestly, Exception::getTraceAsString() simply sucks, listing only the called method (below, for example, on line 89 function fail2() gets called, but there’s no information that you have the originator is fail1()). The fact that, in the example below, the exception gets thrown on line 78, is completely omitted from the trace and only available within the exception. Chained exceptions are not supported as well.
Example:
#0 /var/htdocs/websites/sbdevel/public/index.php(70): seabird\test\C->exc()
#1 /var/htdocs/websites/sbdevel/public/index.php(85): seabird\test\C->doexc()
#2 /var/htdocs/websites/sbdevel/public/index.php(89): seabird\test\fail2()
#3 /var/htdocs/websites/sbdevel/public/index.php(93): seabird\test\fail1()
#4
jTraceEx() provides a much better java-like stack trace that includes support for chained exceptions:
Exception: Thrown from class C
at seabird.test.C.exc(index.php:78)
at seabird.test.C.doexc(index.php:70)
at seabird.test.fail2(index.php:85)
at seabird.test.fail1(index.php:89)
at (main)(index.php:93)
Caused by: Exception: Thrown from class B
at seabird.test.B.exc(index.php:64)
at seabird.test.C.exc(index.php:75)
. 4 more
Caused by: Exception: Thrown from class A
at seabird.test.A.exc(index.php:46)
at seabird.test.B.exc(index.php:61)
. 5 more
(see at the end for the example code)
/**
* jTraceEx() — provide a Java style exception trace
* @param $exception
* @param $seen — array passed to recursive calls to accumulate trace lines already seen
* leave as NULL when calling this function
* @return array of strings, one entry per trace line
*/
function jTraceEx ( $e , $seen = null ) $starter = $seen ? ‘Caused by: ‘ : » ;
$result = array();
if (! $seen ) $seen = array();
$trace = $e -> getTrace ();
$prev = $e -> getPrevious ();
$result [] = sprintf ( ‘%s%s: %s’ , $starter , get_class ( $e ), $e -> getMessage ());
$file = $e -> getFile ();
$line = $e -> getLine ();
while ( true ) $current = » $file : $line » ;
if ( is_array ( $seen ) && in_array ( $current , $seen )) $result [] = sprintf ( ‘ . %d more’ , count ( $trace )+ 1 );
break;
>
$result [] = sprintf ( ‘ at %s%s%s(%s%s%s)’ ,
count ( $trace ) && array_key_exists ( ‘class’ , $trace [ 0 ]) ? str_replace ( ‘\\’ , ‘.’ , $trace [ 0 ][ ‘class’ ]) : » ,
count ( $trace ) && array_key_exists ( ‘class’ , $trace [ 0 ]) && array_key_exists ( ‘function’ , $trace [ 0 ]) ? ‘.’ : » ,
count ( $trace ) && array_key_exists ( ‘function’ , $trace [ 0 ]) ? str_replace ( ‘\\’ , ‘.’ , $trace [ 0 ][ ‘function’ ]) : ‘(main)’ ,
$line === null ? $file : basename ( $file ),
$line === null ? » : ‘:’ ,
$line === null ? » : $line );
if ( is_array ( $seen ))
$seen [] = » $file : $line » ;
if (! count ( $trace ))
break;
$file = array_key_exists ( ‘file’ , $trace [ 0 ]) ? $trace [ 0 ][ ‘file’ ] : ‘Unknown Source’ ;
$line = array_key_exists ( ‘file’ , $trace [ 0 ]) && array_key_exists ( ‘line’ , $trace [ 0 ]) && $trace [ 0 ][ ‘line’ ] ? $trace [ 0 ][ ‘line’ ] : null ;
array_shift ( $trace );
>
$result = join ( «\n» , $result );
if ( $prev )
$result .= «\n» . jTraceEx ( $prev , $seen );
return $result ;
>
?>
Here’s the example code:
class A public function exc () throw new \ Exception ( ‘Thrown from class A’ ); // >
>
class B public function exc () try $a = new A ;
$a -> exc (); // >
catch(\ Exception $e1 ) throw new \ Exception ( ‘Thrown from class B’ , 0 , $e1 ); // >
>
>
class C public function doexc () $this -> exc (); // >
public function exc () try $b = new B ;
$b -> exc (); // >
catch(\ Exception $e1 ) throw new \ Exception ( ‘Thrown from class C’ , 0 , $e1 ); // >
>
>