Open xls files in python

openpyxl — A Python library to read/write Excel 2010 xlsx/xlsm files¶

openpyxl is a Python library to read/write Excel 2010 xlsx/xlsm/xltx/xltm files.

It was born from lack of existing library to read/write natively from Python the Office Open XML format.

All kudos to the PHPExcel team as openpyxl was initially based on PHPExcel.

Security¶

By default openpyxl does not guard against quadratic blowup or billion laughs xml attacks. To guard against these attacks install defusedxml.

Mailing List¶

from openpyxl import Workbook wb = Workbook() # grab the active worksheet ws = wb.active # Data can be assigned directly to cells ws['A1'] = 42 # Rows can also be appended ws.append([1, 2, 3]) # Python types will automatically be converted import datetime ws['A2'] = datetime.datetime.now() # Save the file wb.save("sample.xlsx") 

Documentation¶

Support¶

This is an open source project, maintained by volunteers in their spare time. This may well mean that particular features or functions that you would like are missing. But things don’t have to stay that way. You can contribute the project Development yourself or contract a developer for particular features.

Professional support for openpyxl is available from Clark Consulting & Research and Adimian. Donations to the project to support further development and maintenance are welcome.

Bug reports and feature requests should be submitted using the issue tracker. Please provide a full traceback of any error you see and if possible a sample file. If for reasons of confidentiality you are unable to make a file publicly available then contact of one the developers.

The repository is being provided by Octobus and Clever Cloud.

How to Contribute¶

Any help will be greatly appreciated, just follow those steps:

1. Please join the group and create a branch (https://foss.heptapod.net/openpyxl/openpyxl/) and follow the Merge Request Start Guide. for each independent feature, don’t try to fix all problems at the same time, it’s easier for those who will review and merge your changes 😉

2. Hack hack hack

3. Don’t forget to add unit tests for your changes! (YES, even if it’s a one-liner, changes without tests will not be accepted.) There are plenty of examples in the source if you lack know-how or inspiration.

4. If you added a whole new feature, or just improved something, you can be proud of it, so add yourself to the AUTHORS file 🙂

5. Let people know about the shiny thing you just implemented, update the docs!

6. When it’s done, just issue a pull request (click on the large “pull request” button on your repository) and wait for your code to be reviewed, and, if you followed all theses steps, merged into the main repository.

For further information see Development

Other ways to help¶

There are several ways to contribute, even if you can’t code (or can’t code well):

• triaging bugs on the bug tracker: closing bugs that have already been closed, are not relevant, cannot be reproduced, …
• updating documentation in virtually every area: many large features have been added (mainly about charts and images at the moment) but without any documentation, it’s pretty hard to do anything with it
• proposing compatibility fixes for different versions of Python: we support 3.6, 3.7, 3.8 and 3.9.

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Tutorial¶

Install openpyxl using pip. It is advisable to do this in a Python virtualenv without system packages:

There is support for the popular lxml library which will be used if it is installed. This is particular useful when creating large files.

To be able to include images (jpeg, png, bmp,…) into an openpyxl file, you will also need the “pillow” library that can be installed with:

or browse https://pypi.python.org/pypi/Pillow/, pick the latest version and head to the bottom of the page for Windows binaries.

Working with a checkout¶

Sometimes you might want to work with the checkout of a particular version. This may be the case if bugs have been fixed but a release has not yet been made.

$ pip install -e hg+https://foss.heptapod.net/openpyxl/openpyxl/@3.1#egg=openpyxl

Create a workbook¶

There is no need to create a file on the filesystem to get started with openpyxl. Just import the Workbook class and start work:

>>> from openpyxl import Workbook >>> wb = Workbook() 

A workbook is always created with at least one worksheet. You can get it by using the Workbook.active property:

This is set to 0 by default. Unless you modify its value, you will always get the first worksheet by using this method.

You can create new worksheets using the Workbook.create_sheet() method:

>>> ws1 = wb.create_sheet("Mysheet") # insert at the end (default) # or >>> ws2 = wb.create_sheet("Mysheet", 0) # insert at first position # or >>> ws3 = wb.create_sheet("Mysheet", -1) # insert at the penultimate position 

Sheets are given a name automatically when they are created. They are numbered in sequence (Sheet, Sheet1, Sheet2, …). You can change this name at any time with the Worksheet.title property:

Once you gave a worksheet a name, you can get it as a key of the workbook:

You can review the names of all worksheets of the workbook with the Workbook.sheetname attribute

>>> print(wb.sheetnames) ['Sheet2', 'New Title', 'Sheet1'] 

You can loop through worksheets

>>> for sheet in wb: . print(sheet.title) 

You can create copies of worksheets within a single workbook:

>>> source = wb.active >>> target = wb.copy_worksheet(source) 

Only cells (including values, styles, hyperlinks and comments) and certain worksheet attributes (including dimensions, format and properties) are copied. All other workbook / worksheet attributes are not copied — e.g. Images, Charts.

You also cannot copy worksheets between workbooks. You cannot copy a worksheet if the workbook is open in read-only or write-only mode.

Playing with data¶

Accessing one cell¶

Now we know how to get a worksheet, we can start modifying cells content. Cells can be accessed directly as keys of the worksheet:

This will return the cell at A4, or create one if it does not exist yet. Values can be directly assigned:

There is also the Worksheet.cell() method.

This provides access to cells using row and column notation:

>>> d = ws.cell(row=4, column=2, value=10) 

When a worksheet is created in memory, it contains no cells . They are created when first accessed.

Because of this feature, scrolling through cells instead of accessing them directly will create them all in memory, even if you don’t assign them a value.

>>> for x in range(1,101): . for y in range(1,101): . ws.cell(row=x, column=y) 

will create 100×100 cells in memory, for nothing.

Accessing many cells¶

Ranges of cells can be accessed using slicing:

Ranges of rows or columns can be obtained similarly:

>>> colC = ws['C'] >>> col_range = ws['C:D'] >>> row10 = ws[10] >>> row_range = ws[5:10] 

You can also use the Worksheet.iter_rows() method:

>>> for row in ws.iter_rows(min_row=1, max_col=3, max_row=2): . for cell in row: . print(cell)

Likewise the Worksheet.iter_cols() method will return columns:

>>> for col in ws.iter_cols(min_row=1, max_col=3, max_row=2): . for cell in col: . print(cell)

For performance reasons the Worksheet.iter_cols() method is not available in read-only mode.

If you need to iterate through all the rows or columns of a file, you can instead use the Worksheet.rows property:

>>> ws = wb.active >>> ws['C9'] = 'hello world' >>> tuple(ws.rows) ((, , ), (, , ), (, , ), (, , ), (, , ), (, , ), (, , ), (, , ), (, , )) 

or the Worksheet.columns property:

For performance reasons the Worksheet.columns property is not available in read-only mode.

Values only¶

If you just want the values from a worksheet you can use the Worksheet.values property. This iterates over all the rows in a worksheet but returns just the cell values:

for row in ws.values: for value in row: print(value) 

Both Worksheet.iter_rows() and Worksheet.iter_cols() can take the values_only parameter to return just the cell’s value:

>>> for row in ws.iter_rows(min_row=1, max_col=3, max_row=2, values_only=True): . print(row) (None, None, None) (None, None, None) 

Data storage¶

Once we have a Cell , we can assign it a value:

>>> c.value = 'hello, world' >>> print(c.value) 'hello, world' >>> d.value = 3.14 >>> print(d.value) 3.14 

Saving to a file¶

The simplest and safest way to save a workbook is by using the Workbook.save() method of the Workbook object:

>>> wb = Workbook() >>> wb.save('balances.xlsx') 

This operation will overwrite existing files without warning.

The filename extension is not forced to be xlsx or xlsm, although you might have some trouble opening it directly with another application if you don’t use an official extension.

As OOXML files are basically ZIP files, you can also open it with your favourite ZIP archive manager.

If required, you can specify the attribute wb.template=True , to save a workbook as a template:

>>> wb = load_workbook('document.xlsx') >>> wb.template = True >>> wb.save('document_template.xltx') 

Saving as a stream¶

If you want to save the file to a stream, e.g. when using a web application such as Pyramid, Flask or Django then you can simply provide a NamedTemporaryFile() :

>>> from tempfile import NamedTemporaryFile >>> from openpyxl import Workbook >>> wb = Workbook() >>> with NamedTemporaryFile() as tmp: wb.save(tmp.name) tmp.seek(0) stream = tmp.read() 

You should monitor the data attributes and document extensions for saving documents in the document templates and vice versa, otherwise the result table engine can not open the document.

>>> wb = load_workbook('document.xlsx') >>> # Need to save with the extension *.xlsx >>> wb.save('new_document.xlsm') >>> # MS Excel can't open the document >>> >>> # or >>> >>> # Need specify attribute keep_vba=True >>> wb = load_workbook('document.xlsm') >>> wb.save('new_document.xlsm') >>> # MS Excel will not open the document >>> >>> # or >>> >>> wb = load_workbook('document.xltm', keep_vba=True) >>> # If we need a template document, then we must specify extension as *.xltm. >>> wb.save('new_document.xlsm') >>> # MS Excel will not open the document 

Loading from a file¶

You can use the openpyxl.load_workbook() to open an existing workbook:

>>> from openpyxl import load_workbook >>> wb = load_workbook(filename = 'empty_book.xlsx') >>> sheet_ranges = wb['range names'] >>> print(sheet_ranges['D18'].value) 3 

There are several flags that can be used in load_workbook.

• data_only controls whether cells with formulae have either the formula (default) or the value stored the last time Excel read the sheet.
• keep_vba controls whether any Visual Basic elements are preserved or not (default). If they are preserved they are still not editable.

openpyxl does currently not read all possible items in an Excel file so shapes will be lost from existing files if they are opened and saved with the same name.

Errors loading workbooks¶

Sometimes openpyxl will fail to open a workbook. This is usually because there is something wrong with the file. If this is the case then openpyxl will try and provide some more information. Openpyxl follows the OOXML specification closely and will reject files that do not because they are invalid. When this happens you can use the exception from openpyxl to inform the developers of whichever application or library produced the file. As the OOXML specification is publicly available it is important that developers follow it.

You can find the spec by searching for ECMA-376, most of the implementation specifics are in Part 4.

This ends the tutorial for now, you can proceed to the Simple usage section

© Copyright 2010 — 2023, See AUTHORS Revision 4212e3e95a42 .

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