Lesson: JDBC Introduction
The JDBC API is a Java API that can access any kind of tabular data, especially data stored in a relational database.
JDBC helps you to write Java applications that manage these three programming activities:
- Connect to a data source, like a database
- Send queries and update statements to the database
- Retrieve and process the results received from the database in answer to your query
The following simple code fragment gives a simple example of these three steps:
public void connectToAndQueryDatabase(String username, String password) < Connection con = DriverManager.getConnection( "jdbc:myDriver:myDatabase", username, password); Statement stmt = con.createStatement(); ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery("SELECT a, b, c FROM Table1"); while (rs.next()) < int x = rs.getInt("a"); String s = rs.getString("b"); float f = rs.getFloat("c"); >> This short code fragment instantiates a DriverManager object to connect to a database driver and log into the database, instantiates a Statement object that carries your SQL language query to the database; instantiates a ResultSet object that retrieves the results of your query, and executes a simple while loop, which retrieves and displays those results. It’s that simple.
JDBC Product Components
JDBC includes four components:
- The JDBC API — The JDBC™ API provides programmatic access to relational data from the Java™ programming language. Using the JDBC API, applications can execute SQL statements, retrieve results, and propagate changes back to an underlying data source. The JDBC API can also interact with multiple data sources in a distributed, heterogeneous environment. The JDBC API is part of the Java platform, which includes the Java™ Standard Edition (Java™ SE ) and the Java™ Enterprise Edition (Java™ EE). The JDBC 4.0 API is divided into two packages: java.sql and javax.sql. Both packages are included in the Java SE and Java EE platforms.
- JDBC Driver Manager — The JDBC DriverManager class defines objects which can connect Java applications to a JDBC driver. DriverManager has traditionally been the backbone of the JDBC architecture. It is quite small and simple. The Standard Extension packages javax.naming and javax.sql let you use a DataSource object registered with a Java Naming and Directory Interface™ (JNDI) naming service to establish a connection with a data source. You can use either connecting mechanism, but using a DataSource object is recommended whenever possible.
- JDBC Test Suite — The JDBC driver test suite helps you to determine that JDBC drivers will run your program. These tests are not comprehensive or exhaustive, but they do exercise many of the important features in the JDBC API.
- JDBC-ODBC Bridge — The Java Software bridge provides JDBC access via ODBC drivers. Note that you need to load ODBC binary code onto each client machine that uses this driver. As a result, the ODBC driver is most appropriate on a corporate network where client installations are not a major problem, or for application server code written in Java in a three-tier architecture.
This Trail uses the first two of these four JDBC components to connect to a database and then build a java program that uses SQL commands to communicate with a test relational database. The last two components are used in specialized environments to test web applications, or to communicate with ODBC-aware DBMSs.
Lesson: JDBC Introduction
The JDBC API is a Java API that can access any kind of tabular data, especially data stored in a relational database.
JDBC helps you to write Java applications that manage these three programming activities:
- Connect to a data source, like a database
- Send queries and update statements to the database
- Retrieve and process the results received from the database in answer to your query
The following simple code fragment gives a simple example of these three steps:
public void connectToAndQueryDatabase(String username, String password) < Connection con = DriverManager.getConnection( "jdbc:myDriver:myDatabase", username, password); Statement stmt = con.createStatement(); ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery("SELECT a, b, c FROM Table1"); while (rs.next()) < int x = rs.getInt("a"); String s = rs.getString("b"); float f = rs.getFloat("c"); >> This short code fragment instantiates a DriverManager object to connect to a database driver and log into the database, instantiates a Statement object that carries your SQL language query to the database; instantiates a ResultSet object that retrieves the results of your query, and executes a simple while loop, which retrieves and displays those results. It’s that simple.
JDBC Product Components
JDBC includes four components:
- The JDBC API — The JDBC™ API provides programmatic access to relational data from the Java™ programming language. Using the JDBC API, applications can execute SQL statements, retrieve results, and propagate changes back to an underlying data source. The JDBC API can also interact with multiple data sources in a distributed, heterogeneous environment. The JDBC API is part of the Java platform, which includes the Java™ Standard Edition (Java™ SE ) and the Java™ Enterprise Edition (Java™ EE). The JDBC 4.0 API is divided into two packages: java.sql and javax.sql. Both packages are included in the Java SE and Java EE platforms.
- JDBC Driver Manager — The JDBC DriverManager class defines objects which can connect Java applications to a JDBC driver. DriverManager has traditionally been the backbone of the JDBC architecture. It is quite small and simple. The Standard Extension packages javax.naming and javax.sql let you use a DataSource object registered with a Java Naming and Directory Interface™ (JNDI) naming service to establish a connection with a data source. You can use either connecting mechanism, but using a DataSource object is recommended whenever possible.
- JDBC Test Suite — The JDBC driver test suite helps you to determine that JDBC drivers will run your program. These tests are not comprehensive or exhaustive, but they do exercise many of the important features in the JDBC API.
- JDBC-ODBC Bridge — The Java Software bridge provides JDBC access via ODBC drivers. Note that you need to load ODBC binary code onto each client machine that uses this driver. As a result, the ODBC driver is most appropriate on a corporate network where client installations are not a major problem, or for application server code written in Java in a three-tier architecture.
This Trail uses the first two of these four JDBC components to connect to a database and then build a java program that uses SQL commands to communicate with a test relational database. The last two components are used in specialized environments to test web applications, or to communicate with ODBC-aware DBMSs.
Jdbc java data base
Java Database Connectivity (JDBC) is a Java standard that provides the interface for connecting from Java to relational databases. JDBC is based on the X/Open SQL Call Level Interface (CLI). JDBC 4.0 complies with the SQL 2003 standard.
The JDBC standard is defined and implemented through the standard java.sql interfaces. This enables individual providers to implement and extend the standard with their own JDBC drivers. This chapter provides an overview of the Oracle implementation of JDBC, covering the following topics:
1.1 Changes in This Release for Oracle Database JDBC Developer’s Guide
This section contains the changes in this book for Oracle Database Release 21c.
- Support for IAM Token-Based Authentication in Oracle Cloud Infrastructure
Deprecation of Older Encryption Algorithms
Starting with Oracle Database 21c, older encryption and hashing algorithms are deprecated.
The deprecated algorithms for DBMS_CRYPTO and native network encryption include MD4, MD5, DES, 3DES, and RC4-related algorithms as well as 3DES for Transparent Data Encryption (TDE). Removing older, less secure cryptography algorithms prevents accidental use of these algorithms. To meet your security requirements, Oracle recommends that you use more modern cryptography algorithms, such as the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES).
1.2 Overview of Oracle JDBC Drivers
In addition to supporting the standard JDBC application programming interfaces (APIs), Oracle drivers have extensions to support Oracle-specific data types and to enhance performance.
Oracle provides the following JDBC drivers:
- Thin driver The JDBC Thin driver is a pure Java, Type IV driver that can be used in applications. It is platform-independent and does not require any additional Oracle software on the client-side. The JDBC Thin driver communicates with the server using Oracle Net Services to access Oracle Database. The JDBC Thin driver enables a direct connection to the database by providing an implementation of Oracle Net Services on top of Java sockets. The driver supports the TCP/IP protocol and requires a TNS listener on the TCP/IP sockets on the database server.
Note: Oracle recommends you to use the Thin driver unless you have a feature that is supported only by a specific driver.
- Accessing a remote database server from an Oracle Database instance acting as a middle tier
- Accessing an Oracle Database session from inside another, such as from a Java stored procedure
The use of JDBC Thin driver from a client application or from inside a server does not affect the code.
Note: The server-side internal driver does not support the cancel and setQueryTimeout methods of the Statement class.
The following figure illustrates the architecture of Oracle JDBC drivers and Oracle Database.
Figure 1-1 Architecture of Oracle JDBC Drivers and Oracle Database
Related Topics
Lesson: JDBC Basics
In this lesson you will learn the basics of the JDBC API.
- Getting Started sets up a basic database development environment and shows you how to compile and run the JDBC tutorial samples.
- Processing SQL Statements with JDBC outlines the steps required to process any SQL statement. The pages that follow describe these steps in more detail:
- Establishing a Connection connects you to your database.
- Connecting with DataSource Objects shows you how to connect to your database with DataSource objects, the preferred way of getting a connection to a data source.
- Handling SQLExceptions shows you how to handle exceptions caused by database errors.
- Setting Up Tables describes all the database tables used in the JDBC tutorial samples and how to create and populate tables with JDBC API and SQL scripts.
- Retrieving and Modifying Values from Result Sets develop the process of configuring your database, sending queries, and retrieving data from your database.
- Using Prepared Statements describes a more flexible way to create database queries.
- Using Transactions shows you how to control when a database query is actually executed.
- Using JdbcRowSet Objects
- Using CachedRowSetObjets
- Using JoinRowSet Objects
- Using FilteredRowSet Objects
- Using WebRowSet Objects
- Using Large Objects
- Using SQLXML Objects
- Using Array Objects
- Using DISTINCT Data Type
- Using Structured Objects
- Using Customized Type Mappings
- Using Datalink Objects
- Using RowId Objects