HTML Styles — CSS

CSS saves a lot of work. It can control the layout of multiple web pages all at once.

CSS = Styles and Colors

What is CSS?

Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is used to format the layout of a webpage.

With CSS, you can control the color, font, the size of text, the spacing between elements, how elements are positioned and laid out, what background images or background colors are to be used, different displays for different devices and screen sizes, and much more!

Tip: The word cascading means that a style applied to a parent element will also apply to all children elements within the parent. So, if you set the color of the body text to «blue», all headings, paragraphs, and other text elements within the body will also get the same color (unless you specify something else)!

Using CSS

CSS can be added to HTML documents in 3 ways:

• Inline — by using the style attribute inside HTML elements
• Internal — by using a element in the section
• External — by using a element to link to an external CSS file

The most common way to add CSS, is to keep the styles in external CSS files. However, in this tutorial we will use inline and internal styles, because this is easier to demonstrate, and easier for you to try it yourself.

Inline CSS

An inline CSS is used to apply a unique style to a single HTML element.

An inline CSS uses the style attribute of an HTML element.

The following example sets the text color of the element to blue, and the text color of the

element to red:

Example

A Blue Heading

Internal CSS

An internal CSS is used to define a style for a single HTML page.

An internal CSS is defined in the section of an HTML page, within a element.

The following example sets the text color of ALL the elements (on that page) to blue, and the text color of ALL the

elements to red. In addition, the page will be displayed with a «powderblue» background color:

Example

This is a heading

This is a paragraph.

External CSS

An external style sheet is used to define the style for many HTML pages.

To use an external style sheet, add a link to it in the section of each HTML page:

Example

This is a heading

This is a paragraph.

The external style sheet can be written in any text editor. The file must not contain any HTML code, and must be saved with a .css extension.

Here is what the «styles.css» file looks like:

«styles.css»:

Tip: With an external style sheet, you can change the look of an entire web site, by changing one file!

CSS Colors, Fonts and Sizes

Here, we will demonstrate some commonly used CSS properties. You will learn more about them later.

The CSS color property defines the text color to be used.

The CSS font-family property defines the font to be used.

The CSS font-size property defines the text size to be used.

Example

Use of CSS color, font-family and font-size properties:

This is a heading

This is a paragraph.

CSS Border

The CSS border property defines a border around an HTML element.

Tip: You can define a border for nearly all HTML elements.

Example

Use of CSS border property:

CSS Padding

The CSS padding property defines a padding (space) between the text and the border.

Example

Use of CSS border and padding properties:

CSS Margin

The CSS margin property defines a margin (space) outside the border.

Example

Use of CSS border and margin properties:

Link to External CSS

External style sheets can be referenced with a full URL or with a path relative to the current web page.

Example

This example uses a full URL to link to a style sheet:

Example

This example links to a style sheet located in the html folder on the current web site:

Example

This example links to a style sheet located in the same folder as the current page:

You can read more about file paths in the chapter HTML File Paths.

Chapter Summary

• Use the HTML style attribute for inline styling
• Use the HTML element to define internal CSS
• Use the HTML element to refer to an external CSS file
• Use the HTML element to store and elements
• Use the CSS color property for text colors
• Use the CSS font-family property for text fonts
• Use the CSS font-size property for text sizes
• Use the CSS border property for borders
• Use the CSS padding property for space inside the border
• Use the CSS margin property for space outside the border

Tip: You can learn much more about CSS in our CSS Tutorial.

HTML Exercises

HTML Style Tags

Tag	Description
	Defines style information for an HTML document
	Defines a link between a document and an external resource

For a complete list of all available HTML tags, visit our HTML Tag Reference.

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How to Link CSS to HTML – Stylesheet File Linking

Kolade Chris

HTML is the markup language that helps you define the structure of a web page. CSS is the stylesheet language you use to make the structure presentable and nicely laid out.

To make the stylings you implement with CSS reflect in the HTML, you have to find a way to link the CSS to the HTML.

You can do the linking by writing inline CSS, internal CSS, or external CSS.

It is a best practice to keep your CSS separate from your HTML, so this article focuses on how you can link that external CSS to your HTML.

How to Link CSS to HTML

To link your CSS to your HTML, you have to use the link tag with some relevant attributes.

The link tag is a self-closing tag you should put at the head section of your HTML.

To link CSS to HTML with it, this is how you do it:

Place the link tag at the head section of your HTML as shown below:

Attributes of the Link Tag

The rel Attribute

rel is the relationship between the external file and the current file. For CSS, you use stylesheet . For example, rel=»stylesheet» .

The type Attribute

type is the type of the document you are linking to the HTML. For CSS, it is text/css . For example type=»text/css» .

The href Attribute

href stands for “hypertext reference”. You use it to specify the location of the CSS file and the file name. It is a clickable link, so you can also hold CTRL and click it to view the CSS file.

For example, href=»styles.css» if the CSS file is located in the same folder as the HTML file. Or href=»folder/styles.css» if the CSS file is located on another folder.

Final Thoughts

This article showed you how to properly link an external CSS file to HTML with the link tag and the necessary attributes.

We also took a look at what each of the attributes means, so you don’t just use them without knowing how they work.

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How To Add CSS

When a browser reads a style sheet, it will format the HTML document according to the information in the style sheet.

Three Ways to Insert CSS

There are three ways of inserting a style sheet:

External CSS

With an external style sheet, you can change the look of an entire website by changing just one file!

Each HTML page must include a reference to the external style sheet file inside the element, inside the head section.

Example

External styles are defined within the element, inside the section of an HTML page:

This is a heading

This is a paragraph.

An external style sheet can be written in any text editor, and must be saved with a .css extension.

The external .css file should not contain any HTML tags.

Here is how the «mystyle.css» file looks:

«mystyle.css»

body <
background-color: lightblue;
>

h1 color: navy;
margin-left: 20px;
>

Note: Do not add a space between the property value (20) and the unit (px):
Incorrect (space): margin-left: 20 px;
Correct (no space): margin-left: 20px;

Internal CSS

An internal style sheet may be used if one single HTML page has a unique style.

The internal style is defined inside the element, inside the head section.

Example

Internal styles are defined within the element, inside the section of an HTML page:

This is a heading

This is a paragraph.

Inline CSS

An inline style may be used to apply a unique style for a single element.

To use inline styles, add the style attribute to the relevant element. The style attribute can contain any CSS property.

Example

Inline styles are defined within the «style» attribute of the relevant element:

This is a heading

This is a paragraph.

Tip: An inline style loses many of the advantages of a style sheet (by mixing content with presentation). Use this method sparingly.

Multiple Style Sheets

If some properties have been defined for the same selector (element) in different style sheets, the value from the last read style sheet will be used.

Assume that an external style sheet has the following style for the element:

Then, assume that an internal style sheet also has the following style for the element:

Example

If the internal style is defined after the link to the external style sheet, the elements will be «orange»:

Example

However, if the internal style is defined before the link to the external style sheet, the elements will be «navy»:

Cascading Order

What style will be used when there is more than one style specified for an HTML element?

All the styles in a page will «cascade» into a new «virtual» style sheet by the following rules, where number one has the highest priority:

1. Inline style (inside an HTML element)
2. External and internal style sheets (in the head section)
3. Browser default

So, an inline style has the highest priority, and will override external and internal styles and browser defaults.

Ever heard about W3Schools Spaces? Here you can create your own website, or save code snippets for later use, for free.

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Тег link

Тег link подключает CSS файлы на HTML страницу. Кроме того, link подключает некоторые другие файлы, например, фавикон. (Фавикон — это ярлычок сайта, который виден во вкладке браузера. Его также можно увидеть в некоторых поисковиках при поиске напротив сайтов, например в Яндексе).

У данного тега очень много атрибутов и они могут принимать разнообразные значения, однако в реальной жизни они все практически не используются. Самое популярное — это подключение CSS и добавление фавикона.

Как подключить CSS в HTML5: . В более ранних версиях нужно было добавлять атрибут type в значении text/css. В HTML5 так тоже можно делать, но это не обязательно.

Тег link не требует закрывающего тега.

Атрибуты

Атрибут	Описание
href	Путь к подключаемому файлу.
media	Тип устройства, для которого следует подключить файл. Что имеется ввиду — вы можете подключить CSS файл только для больших экранов (значение screen ) или только для маленьких экранов: для мобильников или планшетов (значение handheld ). Возможные значения: all, braille, handheld, print, screen, speech, projection, tty, tv. Подробнее смотрите ниже.
rel	Тип подключаемого файла. Возможные значения: stylesheet | alternate. Значение stylesheet указывает на то, что подключается CSS файл, значение alternate используется, к примеру, для указания ссылки на файл в формате XML для описания ленты новостей, анонсов статей.
charset	Кодировка подключаемого файла. В настоящее время стандартом является utf-8 .
type	Тип данных подключаемого файла. Для CSS следует использовать text/css, для фавикона: image/x-icon.

Значения атрибута media

В HTML5 в качестве значений могут быть указаны медиа-запросы.

Значение	Описание
all	Все устройства.
screen	Экран монитора.
handheld	Телефоны, смартфоны, устройства с маленьким экраном.
braille	Устройства, основанные на системе Брайля, предназначены для слепых людей.
speech	Речевые синтезаторы, а также программы для воспроизведения текста вслух. Сюда же входят речевые браузеры.
print	Принтеры.
projection	Проекторы.
tty	Телетайпы, терминалы, портативные устройства с ограниченными возможностями экрана. Для них не должны использоваться пиксели в качестве единиц измерения.
tty	Телевизоры, которые умеют открывать web страницы (бывает и такое).

Значение по умолчанию: all .

Пример

Давайте посмотрим, как выглядит структура простейшей html страницы, к которой добавим подключение CSS файлов и фавикона:

Смотрите также

• тег style ,
  который добавляет CSS прямо на странице
• атрибут style , который задает стили конкретному тегу

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