How to start css

# Getting started with CSS

An external CSS stylesheet can be applied to any number of HTML documents by placing a element in each HTML document.

The attribute rel of the tag has to be set to «stylesheet» , and the href attribute to the relative or absolute path to the stylesheet. While using relative URL paths is generally considered good practice, absolute paths can be used, too. In HTML5 the type attribute can be omitted

It is recommended that the tag be placed in the HTML file’s tag so that the styles are loaded before the elements they style. Otherwise, users will see a flash of unstyled content

# Example

hello-world.html

DOCTYPE html> html> head> meta charset="utf-8" /> link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="style.css"> head> body> h1>Hello world!h1> p>I ♥ CSSp> body> html> 

h1  color: green; text-decoration: underline; > p  font-size: 25px; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; > 

Make sure you include the correct path to your CSS file in the href. If the CSS file is in the same folder as your HTML file then no path is required (like the example above) but if it’s saved in a folder, then specify it like this href=»foldername/style.css» .

link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="foldername/style.css"> 

External stylesheets are considered the best way to handle your CSS. There’s a very simple reason for this: when you’re managing a site of, say, 100 pages, all controlled by a single stylesheet, and you want to change your link colors from blue to green, it’s a lot easier to make the change in your CSS file and let the changes «cascade» throughout all 100 pages than it is to go into 100 separate pages and make the same change 100 times. Again, if you want to completely change the look of your website, you only need to update this one file.

You can load as many CSS files in your HTML page as needed.

link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="main.css"> link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="override.css"> 

CSS rules are applied with some basic rules, and order does matter. For example, if you have a main.css file with some code in it:

All your paragraphs with the ‘green’ class will be written in light green, but you can override this with another .css file just by including it after main.css. You can have override.css with the following code follow main.css, for example:

Now all your paragraphs with the ‘green’ class will be written in darker green rather than light green.

Other principles apply, such as the ‘!important’ rule, specificity, and inheritance.

When someone first visits your website, their browser downloads the HTML of the current page plus the linked CSS file. Then when they navigate to another page, their browser only needs to download the HTML of that page; the CSS file is cached, so it does not need to be downloaded again. Since browsers cache the external stylesheet, your pages load faster.

# Internal Styles

CSS enclosed in tags within an HTML document functions like an external stylesheet, except that it lives in the HTML document it styles instead of in a separate file, and therefore can only be applied to the document in which it lives. Note that this element must be inside the element for HTML validation (though it will work in all current browsers if placed in body ).

head> style> h1  color: green; text-decoration: underline; > p  font-size: 25px; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; > style> head> body> h1>Hello world!h1> p>I ♥ CSSp> body> 

# CSS @import rule (one of CSS at-rule)

The @import CSS at-rule is used to import style rules from other style sheets. These rules must precede all other types of rules, except @charset rules; as it is not a nested statement, @import cannot be used inside conditional group at-rules. @import

# How to use @import

You can use @import rule in following ways:

A. With internal style tag

 style> @import url('/css/styles.css'); style> 

B. With external stylesheet

The following line imports a CSS file named additional-styles.css in the root directory into the CSS file in which it appears:

@import '/additional-styles.css'; 

Importing external CSS is also possible. A common use case are font files.

@import 'https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato'; 

An optional second argument to @import rule is a list of media queries:

@import '/print-styles.css' print; @import url('landscape.css') screen and (orientation:landscape); 

# Inline Styles

Use inline styles to apply styling to a specific element. Note that this is not optimal. Placing style rules in a tag or external CSS file is encouraged in order to maintain a distinction between content and presentation.

Inline styles override any CSS in a tag or external style sheet. While this can be useful in some circumstances, this fact more often than not reduces a project’s maintainability.

The styles in the following example apply directly to the elements to which they are attached.

h1 style="color: green; text-decoration: underline;">Hello world!h1> p style="font-size: 25px; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS';">I ♥ CSSp> 

Inline styles are generally the safest way to ensure rendering compatibility across various email clients, programs and devices, but can be time-consuming to write and a bit challenging to manage.

# Changing CSS with JavaScript

# Pure JavaScript

It’s possible to add, remove or change CSS property values with JavaScript through an element’s style property.

var el = document.getElementById("element"); el.style.opacity = 0.5; el.style.fontFamily = 'sans-serif'; 

Note that style properties are named in lower camel case style. In the example you see that the css property font-family becomes fontFamily in javascript.

As an alternative to working directly on elements, you can create a or element in JavaScript and append it to the or of the HTML document.

# jQuery

Modifying CSS properties with jQuery is even simpler.

If you need to change more than one style rule:

$('#element').css( margin: "5px", padding: "10px", color: "black" >); 

jQuery includes two ways to change css rules that have hyphens in them (i.e. font-size ). You can put them in quotes or camel-case the style rule name.

$('.example-class').css( "background-color": "blue", fontSize: "10px" >); 

# See also

# Styling Lists with CSS

There are three different properties for styling list-items: list-style-type , list-style-image , and list-style-position , which should be declared in that order. The default values are disc, outside, and none, respectively. Each property can be declared separately, or using the list-style shorthand property.

list-style-type defines the shape or type of bullet point used for each list-item.

Some of the acceptable values for list-style-type :

• disc
• circle
• square
• decimal
• lower-roman
• upper-roman
• none

(For an exhaustive list, see the W3C specification wiki

To use square bullet points for each list-item, for example, you would use the following property-value pair:

The list-style-image property determines whether the list-item icon is set with an image, and accepts a value of none or a URL that points to an image.

li  list-style-image: url(images/bullet.png); > 

The list-style-position property defines where to position the list-item marker, and it accepts one of two values: «inside» or «outside».

li  list-style-position: inside; > 

# Remarks

Styles can be authored in several ways, allowing for varying degrees of reuse and scope when they are specified in a source HTML document. External stylesheets can be reused across HTML documents. Embedded stylesheets apply to the entire document in which they are specified. Inline styles apply only to the individual HTML element on which they are specified.

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CSS first steps overview

CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) is used to style and lay out web pages — for example, to alter the font, color, size, and spacing of your content, split it into multiple columns, or add animations and other decorative features. This module provides a gentle beginning to your path towards CSS mastery with the basics of how it works, what the syntax looks like, and how you can start using it to add styling to HTML.

Looking to become a front-end web developer?

We have put together a course that includes all the essential information you need to work towards your goal.

Prerequisites

Before starting this module, you should have:

1. Basic familiarity with using computers and using the Web passively (i.e. looking at it, consuming the content.)
2. A basic work environment set up, as detailed in Installing basic software, and an understanding of how to create and manage files, as detailed in Dealing with files.
3. Basic familiarity with HTML, as discussed in the Introduction to HTML module.

Note: If you are working on a computer/tablet/other device where you don’t have the ability to create your own files, you could try out (most of) the code examples in an online coding program such as JSBin or Glitch.

Guides

This module contains the following articles, which will take you through all the basic theory of CSS, and provide opportunities for you to test out some skills.

CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) allows you to create great-looking web pages, but how does it work under the hood? This article explains what CSS is with a simple syntax example and also covers some key terms about the language.

In this article, we will take a simple HTML document and apply CSS to it, learning some practical things about the language along the way.

Now that you have an idea about what CSS is and the basics of using it, it is time to look a little deeper into the structure of the language itself. We have already met many of the concepts discussed here; you can return to this one to recap if you find any later concepts confusing.

We have learned the basics of CSS, what it is for, and how to write simple stylesheets. In this article, we will take a look at how a browser takes CSS and HTML and turns that into a webpage.

Assessments

The following assessment will test your understanding of the CSS basics covered in the guides above.

With the things you have learned in the last few articles, you should find that you can format simple text documents using CSS to add your own style to them. This assessment gives you a chance to do that.

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This page was last modified on Jun 30, 2023 by MDN contributors.

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