Css class after classes

CSS Pseudo-elements

A CSS pseudo-element is used to style specified parts of an element.

For example, it can be used to:

• Style the first letter, or line, of an element
• Insert content before, or after, the content of an element

Syntax

The syntax of pseudo-elements:

The ::first-line Pseudo-element

The ::first-line pseudo-element is used to add a special style to the first line of a text.

The following example formats the first line of the text in all

elements:

Example

Note: The ::first-line pseudo-element can only be applied to block-level elements.

The following properties apply to the ::first-line pseudo-element:

• font properties
• color properties
• background properties
• word-spacing
• letter-spacing
• text-decoration
• vertical-align
• text-transform
• line-height
• clear

Notice the double colon notation — ::first-line versus :first-line

The double colon replaced the single-colon notation for pseudo-elements in CSS3. This was an attempt from W3C to distinguish between pseudo-classes and pseudo-elements.

The single-colon syntax was used for both pseudo-classes and pseudo-elements in CSS2 and CSS1.

For backward compatibility, the single-colon syntax is acceptable for CSS2 and CSS1 pseudo-elements.

The ::first-letter Pseudo-element

The ::first-letter pseudo-element is used to add a special style to the first letter of a text.

The following example formats the first letter of the text in all

elements:

Example

Note: The ::first-letter pseudo-element can only be applied to block-level elements.

The following properties apply to the ::first-letter pseudo- element:

• font properties
• color properties
• background properties
• margin properties
• padding properties
• border properties
• text-decoration
• vertical-align (only if «float» is «none»)
• text-transform
• line-height
• float
• clear

Pseudo-elements and HTML Classes

Pseudo-elements can be combined with HTML classes:

Example

The example above will display the first letter of paragraphs with in red and in a larger size.

Multiple Pseudo-elements

Several pseudo-elements can also be combined.

In the following example, the first letter of a paragraph will be red, in an xx-large font size. The rest of the first line will be blue, and in small-caps. The rest of the paragraph will be the default font size and color:

Example

p::first-letter <
color: #ff0000;
font-size: xx-large;
>

p::first-line color: #0000ff;
font-variant: small-caps;
>

CSS — The ::before Pseudo-element

The ::before pseudo-element can be used to insert some content before the content of an element.

The following example inserts an image before the content of each element:

Example

CSS — The ::after Pseudo-element

The ::after pseudo-element can be used to insert some content after the content of an element.

The following example inserts an image after the content of each element:

Example

CSS — The ::marker Pseudo-element

The ::marker pseudo-element selects the markers of list items.

The following example styles the markers of list items:

Example

CSS — The ::selection Pseudo-element

The ::selection pseudo-element matches the portion of an element that is selected by a user.

The following CSS properties can be applied to ::selection : color , background , cursor , and outline .

The following example makes the selected text red on a yellow background:

Example

All CSS Pseudo Elements

Selector	Example	Example description
::after	p::after	Insert something after the content of each element
::before	p::before	Insert something before the content of each element
::first-letter	p::first-letter	Selects the first letter of each element
::first-line	p::first-line	Selects the first line of each element
::marker	::marker	Selects the markers of list items
::selection	p::selection	Selects the portion of an element that is selected by a user

All CSS Pseudo Classes

Selector	Example	Example description
:active	a:active	Selects the active link
:checked	input:checked	Selects every checked element
:disabled	input:disabled	Selects every disabled element
:empty	p:empty	Selects every element that has no children
:enabled	input:enabled	Selects every enabled element
:first-child	p:first-child	Selects every elements that is the first child of its parent
:first-of-type	p:first-of-type	Selects every element that is the first element of its parent
:focus	input:focus	Selects the element that has focus
:hover	a:hover	Selects links on mouse over
:in-range	input:in-range	Selects elements with a value within a specified range
:invalid	input:invalid	Selects all elements with an invalid value
:lang(language)	p:lang(it)	Selects every element with a lang attribute value starting with «it»
:last-child	p:last-child	Selects every elements that is the last child of its parent
:last-of-type	p:last-of-type	Selects every element that is the last element of its parent
:link	a:link	Selects all unvisited links
:not(selector)	:not(p)	Selects every element that is not a element
:nth-child(n)	p:nth-child(2)	Selects every element that is the second child of its parent
:nth-last-child(n)	p:nth-last-child(2)	Selects every element that is the second child of its parent, counting from the last child
:nth-last-of-type(n)	p:nth-last-of-type(2)	Selects every element that is the second element of its parent, counting from the last child
:nth-of-type(n)	p:nth-of-type(2)	Selects every element that is the second element of its parent
:only-of-type	p:only-of-type	Selects every element that is the only element of its parent
:only-child	p:only-child	Selects every element that is the only child of its parent
:optional	input:optional	Selects elements with no «required» attribute
:out-of-range	input:out-of-range	Selects elements with a value outside a specified range
:read-only	input:read-only	Selects elements with a «readonly» attribute specified
:read-write	input:read-write	Selects elements with no «readonly» attribute
:required	input:required	Selects elements with a «required» attribute specified
:root	root	Selects the document’s root element
:target	#news:target	Selects the current active #news element (clicked on a URL containing that anchor name)
:valid	input:valid	Selects all elements with a valid value
:visited	a:visited	Selects all visited links

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::after

In CSS, ::after creates a pseudo-element that is the last child of the selected element. It is often used to add cosmetic content to an element with the content property. It is inline by default.

Try it

Note: The pseudo-elements generated by ::before and ::after are contained by the element’s formatting box, and thus don’t apply to replaced elements such as , or to elements.

Syntax

Note: CSS introduced the ::after notation (with two colons) to distinguish pseudo-classes from pseudo-elements. For backward compatibility, browsers also accept :after , introduced earlier.

Examples

Simple usage

Let’s create two classes: one for boring paragraphs and one for exciting ones. We can use these classes to add pseudo-elements to the end of paragraphs.

HTML

p class="boring-text">Here is some plain old boring text.p> p>Here is some normal text that is neither boring nor exciting.p> p class="exciting-text">Contributing to MDN is easy and fun.p> 

CSS

.exciting-text::after  content: " ; color: green; > .boring-text::after  content: " ; color: red; > 

Result

Decorative example

We can style text or images in the content property almost any way we want.

HTML

span class="ribbon">Look at the orange box after this text. span> 

CSS

.ribbon  background-color: #5bc8f7; > .ribbon::after  content: "This is a fancy orange box."; background-color: #ffba10; border-color: black; border-style: dotted; > 

Result

Tooltips

This example uses ::after , in conjunction with the attr() CSS expression and a data-descr custom data attribute, to create tooltips. No JavaScript is required!

We can also support keyboard users with this technique, by adding a tabindex of 0 to make each span keyboard focusable, and using a CSS :focus selector. This shows how flexible ::before and ::after can be, though for the most accessible experience a semantic disclosure widget created in some other way (such as with details and summary elements) is likely to be more appropriate.

HTML

p> Here we have some span tabindex="0" data-descr="collection of words and punctuation"> text span> with a few span tabindex="0" data-descr="small popups that appear when hovering"> tooltipsspan >. p> 

CSS

span[data-descr]  position: relative; text-decoration: underline; color: #00f; cursor: help; > span[data-descr]:hover::after, span[data-descr]:focus::after  content: attr(data-descr); position: absolute; left: 0; top: 24px; min-width: 200px; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-radius: 10px; background-color: #ffffcc; padding: 12px; color: #000000; font-size: 14px; z-index: 1; > 

Result

Accessibility concerns

Using an ::after pseudo-element to add content is discouraged, as it is not reliably accessible to screen readers.

Specifications

Browser compatibility

BCD tables only load in the browser

See also

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This page was last modified on Feb 21, 2023 by MDN contributors.

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