Bitwise xor in python

Побитовые операторы(bitwise) в Python

Операторы bitwise в Python используются для выполнения поразрядных вычислений целых чисел. Целые числа преобразуются в двоичный формат, а затем операции выполняются побитно, отсюда и название побитовые операторы.

Они работают только с целыми числами, а окончательный результат возвращается в десятичном формате и также называются бинарными операторами.

В Python существует 6 побитовых операторов. В таблице ниже приведены краткие сведения о них.

Побитовый оператор	Побитовый оператор AND	10 7 = 2
|	Побитовый оператор OR	10 | 7 = 15
^	Побитовый оператор XOR	10 ^ 7 = 13
~	Побитовый оператор Ones’ Compliment	~ 10 = -11
	Побитовый оператор Left Shift	10
>>	Побитовый оператор Right Shift	10 >> 1 = 5

Давайте рассмотрим этих операторов один за другим и разберемся, как они работают.

1. Побитовый оператор AND

Оператор AND в Python возвращает 1, если оба бита равны 1, в противном случае – 0.

2. Побитовый оператор OR

Побитовый оператор OR в Python возвращает 1, если какой-либо из битов равен 1. Если оба бита равны 0, он возвращает 0.

3. Примеры с XOR

Побитовый оператор XOR в Python возвращает 1, если один из битов равен 0, а другой бит равен 1. Если оба бита равны 0 или 1, он возвращает 0.

4. Комплиментарный

Дополнение числа «A» в Python Ones равно – (A + 1).

5. Побитовый сдвиг влево

Оператор Left Shift в Python сдвигает биты левого операнда в левую сторону заданное количество раз в правом операнде. Проще говоря, к двоичному числу в конце добавляются нули.

6. Побитовый сдвиг вправо

Оператор Right Shift в Python — это полная противоположность оператору сдвига влево. Затем биты левого операнда перемещаются вправо заданное количество раз.

Оператор побитового сдвига вправо в Python.

Перегрузка побитового оператора Python

Python поддерживает перегрузку операторов. Существуют различные методы, которые мы можем реализовать для поддержки побитовых операторов для наших настраиваемых объектов.

__and __ (я, другое)
|	__или __ (я, другое)
^	__xor __ (я, другой)
~	__invert __ (сам)
	__lshift __ (я, другой)
>>	__rshift __ (я, другой)

Вот пример перегрузки побитового оператора для нашего настраиваемого объекта.

class Data: def __init__(self, i): self.id = i def __and__(self, other): print('Bitwise AND operator overloaded') if isinstance(other, Data): return Data(self.id other.id) else: raise ValueError('Argument must be object of Data') def __or__(self, other): print('Bitwise OR operator overloaded') if isinstance(other, Data): return Data(self.id | other.id) else: raise ValueError('Argument must be object of Data') def __xor__(self, other): print('Bitwise XOR operator overloaded') if isinstance(other, Data): return Data(self.id ^ other.id) else: raise ValueError('Argument must be object of Data') def __lshift__(self, other): print('Bitwise Left Shift operator overloaded') if isinstance(other, int): return Data(self.id > other) else: raise ValueError('Argument must be integer') def __invert__(self): print('Bitwise Ones Complement operator overloaded') return Data(~self.id) def __str__(self): return f'Data[]' d1 = Data(10) d2 = Data(7) print(f'd1d2 = ') print(f'd1|d2 = ') print(f'd1^d2 = ') print(f'd1') print(f'd1>>2 = >2>') print(f'~d1 = ')

Bitwise AND operator overloaded d1d2 = Data[2] Bitwise OR operator overloaded d1|d2 = Data[15] Bitwise XOR operator overloaded d1^d2 = Data[13] Bitwise Left Shift operator overloaded d1>2 = Data[2] Bitwise Ones Complement operator overloaded ~d1 = Data[-11]

Резюме

Поразрядные операторы Python в основном используются в математических вычислениях. Мы можем реализовать определенные методы для поддержки побитовых операторов и для наших реализаций настраиваемых классов.

Источник

Bitwise xor in python

• Binary representation of a given number
• Count set bits in an integer
• Add two bit strings
• Turn off the rightmost set bit
• Rotate bits of a number
• Compute modulus division by a power-of-2-number
• Find the Number Occurring Odd Number of Times
• Program to find whether a given number is power of 2
• Find position of the only set bit
• Check for Integer Overflow
• Find XOR of two number without using XOR operator
• Check if two numbers are equal without using arithmetic and comparison operators
• Detect if two integers have opposite signs
• How to swap two numbers without using a temporary variable?
• Russian Peasant (Multiply two numbers using bitwise operators)

• Swap bits in a given number
• Smallest of three integers without comparison operators
• Compute the minimum or maximum of two integers without branching
• Smallest power of 2 greater than or equal to n
• Program to find parity
• Check if binary representation of a number is palindrome
• Generate n-bit Gray Codes
• Check if a given number is sparse or not
• Euclid’s Algorithm when % and / operations are costly
• Calculate square of a number without using *, / and pow()
• Copy set bits in a range
• Check if a number is Bleak
• Gray to Binary and Binary to Gray conversion

• Next higher number with same number of set bits
• Find the maximum subarray XOR in a given array
• Find longest sequence of 1’s in binary representation with one flip
• Closest (or Next) smaller and greater numbers with same number of set bits
• Bitmasking and Dynamic Programming | Travelling Salesman Problem
• Compute the parity of a number using XOR and table look-up
• XOR Encryption by Shifting Plaintext
• Count pairs in an array which have at least one digit common
• Python program to convert floating to binary
• Booth’s Multiplication Algorithm
• Number of pairs with Pandigital Concatenation
• Find the n-th number whose binary representation is a palindrome
• Find the two non-repeating elements in an array of repeating elements/ Unique Numbers 2

• Write an Interview Experience
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• Bitwise Algorithms
• Introduction to Bitwise Algorithms – Data Structures and Algorithms Tutorial
• Bitwise Operators in C/C++
• Bitwise Operators in Java
• Python Bitwise Operators
• JavaScript Bitwise Operators
• All about Bit Manipulation
• Little and Big Endian Mystery
• Bits manipulation (Important tactics)

• Binary representation of a given number
• Count set bits in an integer
• Add two bit strings
• Turn off the rightmost set bit
• Rotate bits of a number
• Compute modulus division by a power-of-2-number
• Find the Number Occurring Odd Number of Times
• Program to find whether a given number is power of 2
• Find position of the only set bit
• Check for Integer Overflow
• Find XOR of two number without using XOR operator
• Check if two numbers are equal without using arithmetic and comparison operators
• Detect if two integers have opposite signs
• How to swap two numbers without using a temporary variable?
• Russian Peasant (Multiply two numbers using bitwise operators)

• Swap bits in a given number
• Smallest of three integers without comparison operators
• Compute the minimum or maximum of two integers without branching
• Smallest power of 2 greater than or equal to n
• Program to find parity
• Check if binary representation of a number is palindrome
• Generate n-bit Gray Codes
• Check if a given number is sparse or not
• Euclid’s Algorithm when % and / operations are costly
• Calculate square of a number without using *, / and pow()
• Copy set bits in a range
• Check if a number is Bleak
• Gray to Binary and Binary to Gray conversion

• Next higher number with same number of set bits
• Find the maximum subarray XOR in a given array
• Find longest sequence of 1’s in binary representation with one flip
• Closest (or Next) smaller and greater numbers with same number of set bits
• Bitmasking and Dynamic Programming | Travelling Salesman Problem
• Compute the parity of a number using XOR and table look-up
• XOR Encryption by Shifting Plaintext
• Count pairs in an array which have at least one digit common
• Python program to convert floating to binary
• Booth’s Multiplication Algorithm
• Number of pairs with Pandigital Concatenation
• Find the n-th number whose binary representation is a palindrome
• Find the two non-repeating elements in an array of repeating elements/ Unique Numbers 2

Источник

What is XOR in Python?

In Python, XOR is a bitwise operator that is also known as Exclusive OR.
It is a logical operator which outputs 1 1 1 when either of the operands is 1 1 1 (one is 1 1 1 and the other one is 0 0 0 ), but both are not 1 1 1 , and both are not 0 0 0 .

The symbol for XOR in Python is ‘^’ and in mathematics, its symbol is ‘⊕’.

The XOR operator is placed between two numbers or boolean values.

How to perform the bitwise XOR in Python?

In Python, we can perform the bitwise XOR operation using the «^» symbol. The XOR operation can be used for different purposes; XOR of two integers, XOR of two booleans, Swapping two numbers using XOR, etc.

We can also use the xor() function using the operator module in Python.

XOR ^ Operator between 2 integers

As XOR is a bitwise operator, it will compare bits of both the integers bit by bit after converting them into binary numbers.

Truth table for XOR (binary)

In the above example, we are finding the XOR of 1 5 15 1 5 and 3 2 32 3 2 , the result of which is 4 7 47 4 7 . The XOR operator first converted both the numbers in their binary form and then compared their bits bitwise.

To understand the working of XOR operation better, let us find the XOR of 15 and 32 by comparing their bits:

1 5 = 0 b 0 0 1 1 1 1 15 = 0b001111 1 5 = 0 b 0 0 1 1 1 1

3 2 = 0 b 1 0 0 0 0 0 32 = 0b100000 3 2 = 0 b 1 0 0 0 0 0

⟹ 1 5 ⊕ 3 2 = 0 b 0 0 1 1 1 1 ⊕ 0 b 1 0 0 0 0 0 \implies15 ⊕ 32 = 0b001111 ⊕ 0b100000 ⟹ 1 5 ⊕ 3 2 = 0 b 0 0 1 1 1 1 ⊕ 0 b 1 0 0 0 0 0

⟹ 1 5 ⊕ 3 2 = 0 b 1 0 1 1 1 1 \implies15 ⊕ 32 = 0b101111 ⟹ 1 5 ⊕ 3 2 = 0 b 1 0 1 1 1 1

The XOR of 1 5 15 1 5 and 3 2 32 3 2 is 0 b 1 0 1 1 1 1 0b101111 0 b 1 0 1 1 1 1 , i.e., 4 7 47 4 7 .

Performing XOR on two booleans

XOR results T r u e True T r u e when either of the operands are T r u e True T r u e (one is T r u e True T r u e and the other one is F a l s e False F a l s e ) but both are not T r u e True T r u e and both are not F a l s e False F a l s e .

Truth table for XOR (boolean)

In the above example, we are finding the XOR of the boolean values ( T r u e True T r u e and F a l s e False F a l s e ).

Swapping two integers using XOR without a temporary variable

The XOR swap algorithm can swap the values of two integers without the use of a temporary variable, which is normally required in other swapping algorithms.

In the above program, we are swapping two integers without using a temporary variable with the help of the XOR operator .

XOR in Python using Operator Module

We can also use the XOR operation using the xor() function in the operator module. The xor() function can perform XOR operations on integers and booleans.

The above example uses the operator.xor() function with booleans and integers.

Learn more about bitwise operators

The bitwise operators are used to perform bitwise calculations on integers. The integers are first converted into binary numbers, and then the operations are performed bit by bit. The result is always in decimal format.
They can also be used with boolean values.

To learn more about bitwise operators, click here.

Conclusion

• XOR is a bitwise operator that is short for Exclusive OR.
• It returns 1 1 1 when one and only one of the operands are 1 1 1 or T r u e True T r u e .
• XOR in Python is denoted using the «^» symbol.
• We can swap two integers without using a temporary variable with the help of the XOR operation.
• XOR operation can also be used with the help of the xor() function by importing the operator module.

Источник