Adjust text with css

text-transform

The text-transform CSS property specifies how to capitalize an element’s text. It can be used to make text appear in all-uppercase or all-lowercase, or with each word capitalized. It also can help improve legibility for ruby.

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The text-transform property takes into account language-specific case mapping rules such as the following:

• In Turkic languages, like Turkish ( tr ), Azerbaijani ( az ), Crimean Tatar ( crh ), Volga Tatar ( tt ), and Bashkir ( ba ), there are two kinds of i , with and without the dot, and two case pairings: i / İ and ı / I .
• In German ( de ), the ß becomes SS in uppercase.
• In Dutch ( nl ), the ij digraph becomes IJ , even with text-transform: capitalize , which only puts the first letter of a word in uppercase.
• In Greek ( el ), vowels lose their accent when the whole word is in uppercase ( ά / Α ), except for the disjunctive eta ( ή / Ή ). Also, diphthongs with an accent on the first vowel lose the accent and gain a diaeresis on the second vowel ( άι / ΑΪ ).
• In Greek ( el ), the lowercase sigma character has two forms: σ and ς . ς is used only when sigma terminates a word. When applying text-transform: lowercase to an uppercase sigma ( Σ ), the browser needs to choose the right lowercase form based on context.
• in Irish ( ga ), certain prefixed letters remain in lowercase when the base initial is capitalized, so for example text-transform: uppercase will change ar aon tslí to AR AON tSLÍ and not, as one might expect, AR AON TSLÍ (Firefox only). In some cases, a hyphen is also removed upon uppercasing: an t-uisce transforms to AN tUISCE (and the hyphen is correctly reinserted by text-transform: lowercase ).

The language is defined by the lang HTML attribute or the xml:lang XML attribute.

Note: Support for language-specific cases varies between browsers, so check the browser compatibility table.

Syntax

/* Keyword values */ text-transform: none; text-transform: capitalize; text-transform: uppercase; text-transform: lowercase; text-transform: full-width; text-transform: full-size-kana; /* Global values */ text-transform: inherit; text-transform: initial; text-transform: revert; text-transform: revert-layer; text-transform: unset; 

Is a keyword that converts the first letter of each word to uppercase. Other characters remain unchanged (they retain their original case as written in the element’s text). A letter is defined as a character that is part of Unicode’s Letter or Number general categories Experimental ; thus, any punctuation marks or symbols at the beginning of a word are ignored.

Note: Authors should not expect capitalize to follow language-specific title casing conventions (such as skipping articles in English).

Note: The capitalize keyword was under-specified in CSS 1 and CSS 2.1. This resulted in differences between browsers in the way the first letter was calculated (Firefox considered — and _ as letters, but other browsers did not. Both Webkit and Gecko incorrectly considered letter-based symbols like ⓐ to be real letters.) By precisely defining the correct behavior, CSS Text Level 3 cleans this mess up. The capitalize line in the browser compatibility table contains the version the different engines started to support this now precisely-defined behavior.

Is a keyword that converts all characters to uppercase.

Is a keyword that converts all characters to lowercase.

Is a keyword that prevents the case of all characters from being changed.

Is a keyword that forces the writing of a character — mainly ideograms and Latin scripts — inside a square, allowing them to be aligned in the usual East Asian scripts (like Chinese or Japanese).

Accessibility concerns

Large sections of text set with a text-transform value of uppercase may be difficult for people with cognitive concerns such as Dyslexia to read.

Formal definition

Formal syntax

text-transform =
none |
[ capitalize | uppercase | lowercase ] || full-width || full-size-kana |
math-auto |
math-bold |
math-italic |
math-bold-italic |
math-double-struck |
math-bold-fraktur |
math-script |
math-bold-script |
math-fraktur |
math-sans-serif |
math-bold-sans-serif |
math-sans-serif-italic |
math-sans-serif-bold-italic |
math-monospace |
math-initial |
math-tailed |
math-looped |
math-stretched

Examples

Example using «none»

p> Initial String strong>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit…strong> p> p> text-transform: none strong >span >Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit…span >strong > p> 

span  text-transform: none; > strong  float: right; > 

This demonstrates no text transformation.

Example using «capitalize» (general)

p> Initial String strong>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit…strong> p> p> text-transform: capitalize strong >span >Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit…span >strong > p> 

span  text-transform: capitalize; > strong  float: right; > 

This demonstrates text capitalization.

Example using «capitalize» (punctuation)

p> Initial String strong >(this) "is" [a] –short– -test- «for» *the* _css_ ¿capitalize? ?¡transform!strong > p> p> text-transform: capitalize strong >span >(this) "is" [a] –short– -test- «for» *the* _css_ ¿capitalize? ?¡transform!span >strong > p> 

span  text-transform: capitalize; > strong  float: right; > 

This demonstrates how initial punctuations of a word are ignored. The keyword target the first letter, that is the first Unicode character part of the Letter or Number general category.

Example using «capitalize» (Symbols)

p> Initial String strong>ⓐⓑⓒ (ⓓⓔⓕ) —ⓖⓗⓘ— ⓙklstrong> p> p> text-transform: capitalize strong>span>ⓐⓑⓒ (ⓓⓔⓕ) —ⓖⓗⓘ— ⓙklspan>strong> p> 

span  text-transform: capitalize; > strong  float: right; > 

This demonstrates how initial symbols are ignored. The keyword target the first letter, that is the first Unicode character part of the Letter or Number general category.

Example using «capitalize» (Dutch ij digraph)

p> Initial String strong lang="nl">The Dutch word: "ijsland" starts with a digraph.strong> p> p> text-transform: capitalize strong >span lang="nl" >The Dutch word: "ijsland" starts with a digraph.span >strong > p> 

span  text-transform: capitalize; > strong  float: right; > 

This demonstrates how the Dutch ij digraph must be handled like one single letter.

Example using «uppercase» (general)

p> Initial String strong>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit…strong> p> p> text-transform: uppercase strong >span >Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit…span >strong > p> 

span  text-transform: uppercase; > strong  float: right; > 

This demonstrates transforming the text to uppercase.

Example using «uppercase» (Greek vowels)

p> Initial String strong>Θα πάμε στο "Θεϊκό φαΐ" ή στη "Νεράιδα"strong> p> p> text-transform: uppercase strong >span lang="el">Θα πάμε στο "Θεϊκό φαΐ" ή στη "Νεράιδα"span>strong > p> 

span  text-transform: uppercase; > strong  float: right; > 

This demonstrates how Greek vowels except disjunctive eta should have no accent, and the accent on the first vowel of a vowel pair becomes a diaeresis on the second vowel.

Example using «lowercase» (general)

p> Initial String strong>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit…strong> p> p> text-transform: lowercase strong >span >Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit…span >strong > p> 

span  text-transform: lowercase; > strong  float: right; > 

This demonstrates transforming the text to lowercase.

Example using «lowercase» (Greek Σ)

p> Initial String strong>Σ IS A greek LETTER that appears SEVERAL TIMES IN ΟΔΥΣΣΕΥΣ.strong> p> p> text-transform: lowercase strong >span >Σ IS A greek LETTER that appears SEVERAL TIMES IN ΟΔΥΣΣΕΥΣ.span >strong > p> 

span  text-transform: lowercase; > strong  float: right; > 

This demonstrates how the Greek character sigma ( Σ ) is transformed into the regular lowercase sigma ( σ ) or the word-final variant ( ς ), according the context.

Example using «lowercase» (Lithuanian)

p> Initial String strong>Ĩ is a Lithuanian LETTER as is J́strong> p> p> text-transform: lowercase strong>span lang="lt">Ĩ is a Lithuanian LETTER as is J́span>strong> p> 

span  text-transform: lowercase; > strong  float: right; > 

This demonstrates how the Lithuanian letters Ĩ and J́ retain their dot when transformed to lowercase.

Example using «full-width» (general)

p> Initial String strong >0123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ!"#$%&()*+,-./:;?@<|>~strong > p> p> text-transform: full-width strong >span >0123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ!"#$%&()*+,-./:;?@<|>~span >strong > p> 

span  text-transform: full-width; > strong  width: 100%; float: right; > 

Some characters exist in two formats: normal width and a full-width, with different Unicode code points. The full-width version is used to mix them smoothly with Asian ideographic characters.

Example using «full-width» (Japanese half-width katakana)

p> Initial String strong>ｳｪﾌﾞﾌﾟﾛｸﾞﾗﾐﾝｸﾞの勉強strong> p> p> text-transform: full-width strong>span>ｳｪﾌﾞﾌﾟﾛｸﾞﾗﾐﾝｸﾞの勉強span>strong> p> 

span  text-transform: full-width; > strong  width: 100%; float: right; > 

The Japanese half-width katakana was used to represent katakana in 8-bit character codes. Unlike regular (full-width) katakana characters, a letter with dakuten (voiced sound mark) is represented as two code points, the body of letter and dakuten. The full-width combines these into a single code point when converting these characters into full-width.

Example using «full-size-kana»

p>ァィゥェ ォヵㇰヶ ㇱㇲッㇳ ㇴㇵㇶㇷ ㇸㇹㇺャ ュョㇻㇼ ㇽㇾㇿヮp> p>ァィゥェ ォヵㇰヶ ㇱㇲッㇳ ㇴㇵㇶㇷ ㇸㇹㇺャ ュョㇻㇼ ㇽㇾㇿヮp> p> 

p:nth-of-type(2)  text-transform: full-size-kana; > 

Specifications

Browser compatibility

BCD tables only load in the browser

See also

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This page was last modified on Feb 23, 2023 by MDN contributors.

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CSS Text Alignment

In this chapter you will learn about the following properties:

• text-align
• text-align-last
• direction
• unicode-bidi
• vertical-align

Text Alignment

The text-align property is used to set the horizontal alignment of a text.

A text can be left or right aligned, centered, or justified.

The following example shows center aligned, and left and right aligned text (left alignment is default if text direction is left-to-right, and right alignment is default if text direction is right-to-left):

Example

When the text-align property is set to «justify», each line is stretched so that every line has equal width, and the left and right margins are straight (like in magazines and newspapers):

Example

Text Align Last

The text-align-last property specifies how to align the last line of a text.

Example

Align the last line of text in three

elements:

Text Direction

The direction and unicode-bidi properties can be used to change the text direction of an element:

Example

Vertical Alignment

The vertical-align property sets the vertical alignment of an element.

Example

Set the vertical alignment of an image in a text:

img.a <
vertical-align: baseline;
>

img.b vertical-align: text-top;
>

img.c vertical-align: text-bottom;
>

The CSS Text Alignment/Direction Properties

Property	Description
direction	Specifies the text direction/writing direction
text-align	Specifies the horizontal alignment of text
text-align-last	Specifies how to align the last line of a text
unicode-bidi	Used together with the direction property to set or return whether the text should be overridden to support multiple languages in the same document
vertical-align	Sets the vertical alignment of an element

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